tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-45917083461764524022024-02-21T09:05:07.092-08:00blog teguhjonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00681195336189877794noreply@blogger.comBlogger108125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4591708346176452402.post-43307639563396512732012-01-12T20:29:00.000-08:002012-01-12T20:29:09.544-08:00❀Kebaikan Dapat Menghapus Kejahatan❀<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: center;"><i>Bismillahirrahmanirrahiim..</i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: center;"><i>Assallamu’alaikum Warahmatullah Wabarakatuh</i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17px;">*</span></b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17px;">• ♥.</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17px;">*•.¸¸</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17px;">ﷲ</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17px;">¸ </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'MS Mincho'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17px;">❀</span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17px;"> <b>'</b></span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'MS Mincho'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17px;">❀</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17px;"> <b>'</b></span><b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17px;">•.¸</span></b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17px;">¸</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'MS Mincho'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17px;">❀</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17px;">♥ </span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'MS Mincho'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17px;">❀</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17px;"> </span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17px;">¸¸</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17px;">ﷲ</span><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'MS Mincho'; font-size: 9pt;">❤</span><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-size: 9pt;">.</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">♥♥</span><span style="color: red; font-size: 9pt;">˚</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">◦</span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'MS Mincho'; font-size: 9pt;">☆</span><span style="color: #e36c0a; font-size: 9pt;">•. (`'</span><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-size: 9pt;">•.¸</span><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">♥♥</span><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-size: 9pt;"> ¸.•</span><span style="color: #e36c0a; font-size: 9pt;">'´) .• </span><span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: 'MS Mincho'; font-size: 9pt;">☆</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'MS Mincho'; font-size: 9pt;">◦</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 9pt;">˚.</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">♥♥</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">♥♥</span><span style="color: red; font-size: 9pt;">˚</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">◦</span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'MS Mincho'; font-size: 9pt;">☆</span><span style="color: #e36c0a; font-size: 9pt;">•. (`'</span><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-size: 9pt;">•.¸</span><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">♥♥</span><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-size: 9pt;"> ¸.•</span><span style="color: #e36c0a; font-size: 9pt;">'´) .• </span><span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: 'MS Mincho'; font-size: 9pt;">☆</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'MS Mincho'; font-size: 9pt;">◦</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 9pt;">˚.</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">♥♥</span><span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: 'Monotype Corsiva'; font-size: 9pt;"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">*</span></b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">• ♥.</span><span style="color: #0070c0;">*•.¸¸</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ﷲ</span><span style="color: red;">¸ </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'MS Mincho';">❀</span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> <b>'</b></span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'MS Mincho';">❀</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> <b>'</b></span><b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">•.¸</span></b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">¸</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'MS Mincho';">❀</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">♥ </span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'MS Mincho';">❀</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="color: #0070c0;">¸¸</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ﷲ</span><span style="color: #0070c0;">¸ </span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'MS Mincho';">❀</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> ♥.</span><span style="color: #0070c0;">*•.¸¸</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ﷲ</span><span style="color: red;">¸ </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'MS Mincho';">❀</span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> <b>'</b></span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'MS Mincho';">❀</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> <b>'</b> </span><span style="color: #0070c0;">¸¸</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ﷲ</span><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17px;">*</span></b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17px;">• ♥.</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17px;">*•.¸¸</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17px;">ﷲ</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17px;">¸ </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'MS Mincho'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17px;">❀</span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17px;"> <b>'</b></span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'MS Mincho'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17px;">❀</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17px;"> <b>'</b></span><b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17px;">•.¸</span></b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17px;">¸</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'MS Mincho'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17px;">❀</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17px;">♥ </span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'MS Mincho'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17px;">❀</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17px;"> </span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17px;">¸¸</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 17px;">ﷲ</span><span style="color: #0070c0;">¸ </span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'MS Mincho';">❀</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">♥</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Sebagaimana kita maklumi bersama,bahwa saat ini kehidupan manusia mengalami terpaan yang begitu dahsyat ,menghantam sisi kehidupan disemua lini,masyarakat yang bergelut pada kondisi dibawah garis kemiskinan masih terbilang besar. Tingkat pengangguran makin membengkak, peluang terciptanya lapangan kerja semakin sempit, ditambah lagi himpitan kebutuhan hidup yang kian hari makin mencekik, beraneka macam masalah bermunculan,mulai masalah kesehatan,pendidikan,serta kebebasan gaya hidup merupakan pemandangan yang mudah dilihat disekitar kita. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="background-color: #dadadc; clear: both; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb8Nlll6c9VkKl5kMboM97r6unPJK2VphuR7T7nN38Z-LwLZgTLE1GMje7UO6posrEhCq2hSqL7i4dJSabwgbg4zxxXEwrquOjtsTre7ceQxxjeLIv01StNWGQ5EvA9T-IQZJqVx4AYFw/s1600/eternity-rose-zrie.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #1a6196; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb8Nlll6c9VkKl5kMboM97r6unPJK2VphuR7T7nN38Z-LwLZgTLE1GMje7UO6posrEhCq2hSqL7i4dJSabwgbg4zxxXEwrquOjtsTre7ceQxxjeLIv01StNWGQ5EvA9T-IQZJqVx4AYFw/s200/eternity-rose-zrie.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.496094) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.496094) 1px 1px 5px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; position: relative;" width="200" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Kenyataan dan gambaran inilah yang memicu, membuat kecendurungan manusia bersikap melakukan kesalahan dan mengabaikan nilai-nilai kebaikan. Sebagai muslim tentunya tidaklah demikian, karena menyadari bahwa hidup ini penuh dengan persoalan.Hendaklah kita menunjukkan kesabaran dalam menyikapi setiap ragam masalah, karena kesabaran itulah sebagai benteng yang kokoh yang dapat melepaskan diri dari rasa kepuputusasaan, dan meminimalkan melakukan kesalahan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><i style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala Berfirman : </span></i><br style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;" /><br style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;" /><div style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">“Wahai orang-orang Beriman, Bersabarlah kamu dan kuatkanlah Kesabaranmu, dan tetaplah bersiap-siaga dan Bertaqwalah kepada ALLAH agar kamu beruntung”. (Q.S. Ali Imran :200)</span></i></b></div><div style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Setiap manusia pastilah menginginkan menjadi maslahat. Maslahat bermakna banar,manfaat,pantas,baik. Namun perlu dicermati dalam perjalanan hidup manusia, Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala mengilhami manusia jalan yang baik dan buruk. Manusia diberi bekal untuk melakukan segala tindakan yang dikendalikan oleh akal.</span></div><div style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Manusia dengan kemampuan berpikirnya mencapai tujuan mulia, juga dilengkapi kesempurnaan, dan seluruh anggota badan, kelengkapan tubuh manusia untuk melakukan tindakan dan perubahan, dan bisa membedakan mana yang buruk mana yang baik. Karena dorongan hawa nafsulah dan godaan syaithan, tidak sedikit manusia kita jumpai terjatuh dan tergelincir, melakukan kesalahan yang bermuara pada lembah dosa.</span></div><div style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: #7030a0;"><a href="http://www.shalimow.com/islam/rasulullah-muhammad-saw-dan-pengakuan-dunia.html" style="color: #1a6196; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Rasulullah Shallallahu Alaihi wa Sallam</span></a></span></i><i><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">, Bersabda :</span></i></div><div style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">“Semua anak Adam (manusia) banyak melakukan kesalahan, dan sebaik-baik orang yang bersalah ialah orang yang banyak Bertaubat”. (HR At Tirmidzi).</span></i></b></div><div style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Meski demikian janganlah bersedih, Karena Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala tidak pernah berbuat dzalim kepada hamba-hamba-Nya,bahkan rahmat -Nya lebih didahulukan dari pada kemarahan-Nya. Betapa luas pintu taubat Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala, sehitam dan sebesar apapun dosa jika kita bersungguh-sungguh untuk bertaubat kembali pada-Nya.</span></div><div style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><i style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala Berfirman : </span></i><br style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;" /><div style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">“Syaithan menjanjikan (menakut-nakuti) kamu kemiskinan dan menyuruh kamu berbuat keji (kejahatan), Sedangkan ALLAH menjanjikan ampunan dan karunia-NYA kepadamu. Dan ALLAH Maha luas Maha Mengetahui.” (Q.S. Al Baqarah : 268).</span></i></b></div><div style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">“Dan Hendaklah kamu memohon Ampunan kepada ALLAH dan bertaubat kepada-NYA. Niscaya DIA (ALLAH) akan memberi kenikmatan yang baik kepadamu. Dan ALLAH akan memberikan karunia-NYA kepada setiap orang yang berbuat baik.” (Q.S. Hud : 3).</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="pj" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><span class="nw"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Islam menganjurkan kita bagaimana melakukan segala kebaikan, yang manfaat yang menuai menjadi amal shaleh dalam kehidupan ini, dan pada dasarnya kerinduan jiwa manusia adalah cendrung kepada kebaikan.</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> Perlu kita sadari sejak penciptaan awal kejadian manusia, Iblis dengan kesombongannya telah bersumpah akan menyesatkan semua manusia di muka bumi ini, dengan berbagai tipu daya muslihatnya,dan tetap akan mengahalag-halangi manusia dari jalan yang haq (benar),sehingga manusia sesat dan melakukan kesalahan.</span></div><div class="pj" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="background-color: #dadadc; clear: both; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFW2GxvhI6mUiMR-AILwezcUMfxZx-zYg-WBmlCUpqm5zQdEOWaAaBkePzK9VVAP8epJ7oz1bYzPVpT01ILmVxJUZAP0JvjbVgewJuIKT_hXFK3xcV-wHxxydXCfIGSRsIQGjkdPyD_bQ/s1600/9317_1182757802017_1020370311_30575926_4771846_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; color: #1a6196; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFW2GxvhI6mUiMR-AILwezcUMfxZx-zYg-WBmlCUpqm5zQdEOWaAaBkePzK9VVAP8epJ7oz1bYzPVpT01ILmVxJUZAP0JvjbVgewJuIKT_hXFK3xcV-wHxxydXCfIGSRsIQGjkdPyD_bQ/s200/9317_1182757802017_1020370311_30575926_4771846_n.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.496094) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.496094) 1px 1px 5px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; position: relative;" width="200" /></a></div><i style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala Berfirman : </span></i><br style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;" /><div style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">“Kecuali orang-orang yang Bertaubat dan Beriman dan mengerjakan Kebaikan, Maka kejahatan mereka diganti ALLAH dengan Kebaikan, ALLAH Maha Pengampun, Maha Penyayang.” (Q.S. Al Furqan : 70).</span></i></b></div><div class="pj" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="pj" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Namun demikian janganlah kita berputus asa dengan kehidupan ini , karena manusia tidak ada yang luput dari kesalahan,sesungguhnya kesalahan dan kejahatan bisa terhapus dengan segala kebaikan yang kita lakukan. Sebagaimana’ Diriwayatkan dari Abu Dzarr Radhiyallahu Anhu Bahwa :</span></div><div class="pj" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Rasulullah Shallallahu Alaihi wa Sallam Bersabda :</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 12pt;">“Takutlah engkau (Bertaqwalah) kepada ALLAH dimana saja Engkau berada, dan Ikutilah (Susul) lah sesuatu Kejahatan itu dengan Kebaikan, niscaya akan Menghapusnya. Dan bergaulah sesama manusia dengan budi pekerti yang baik (Akhlaq yang baik).” (HR. At Tirmidzi).</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Islam sebagai pedoman hidup penuh petunjuk, dan tuntunan untuk mengatasi segala persoalan hidup, baik yang bersifat keduniaan maupun tuntunan kebaikan dan keselamatan negeri akhirat, tuntunan dan petunjuk itu atas dasar akhlaq mulia.Sudah semestinya kabaikan dan kebahagiaan hidup itulah yang kita cita-citakan, sehingga kita giat melakukan segala kebaikan dan menyebarkan kebaikan.</span></div><div style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rasulullah Shallallahu Alaihi wa Sallam Bersabda :</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 12pt;">“<i>Barangsiapa Menunjukkan kepada Kebaikan. Maka ia memperoleh Pahala yang sama seperti yang melakukan atau mengamalkan Kebaikan itu.” (H.R. Muslim,Abu Dawud dan At Tirmidzi ).</i></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="background-color: #dadadc; clear: both; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4cLqnTIgn3_xwRT9d_AkPq9nRlJUY42c2mbbwASme_lWdSWBtRMwiT3gNBQ5ztRUdZ_b1gZs8LpyQ1VnK7dKXcPZPFsJLwmWXMlH2sre6aYCsY1Gw0uA939pkFpWDMaZEzlR-JVnyIEY/s1600/al-quran.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #1a6196; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4cLqnTIgn3_xwRT9d_AkPq9nRlJUY42c2mbbwASme_lWdSWBtRMwiT3gNBQ5ztRUdZ_b1gZs8LpyQ1VnK7dKXcPZPFsJLwmWXMlH2sre6aYCsY1Gw0uA939pkFpWDMaZEzlR-JVnyIEY/s320/al-quran.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.496094) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.496094) 1px 1px 5px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Di dalam menghadapi kehidupan dengan berbagai persolannya, hendaklah kita istiqamah berpegah teguh, pada ajaran-ajaran islam yang mulia, yang benar-benar telah disediakan untuk membentengi aqidah kita dari kesalahan dan kesesatan ,dan kita menyadari bahwa apapun yang kita miliki, adalah semua amanat dari Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala yang harus dipelihara, dan digunakan semata-mata beribadah dengan ikhlas mengharap keridhaan-Nya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Sahabat-sahabat yang di Rahmati Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala, . Mudah-mudahan manfaat buat kita semua,yang benar haq semua datang-Nya dari Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala,Yang kurang dan khilaf mohon sangat dimaafkan ’’Akhirul qalam “Wa tawasau bi al-haq Watawa saubil shabr “.Semoga <span class="content" style="position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;">Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala </span>. senantiasa menunjukkan kita pada sesuatu yang di Ridhai dan di Cintai-Nya..Aamiin Allahuma AAmiin…</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: 'MS Mincho'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">❀</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">.•</span><span style="font-family: 'MS Mincho'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">❤</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">•</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Walhamdulillah Rabbil’alamin</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">•</span><span style="font-family: 'MS Mincho'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">❤</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">•.</span><span style="font-family: 'MS Mincho'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">❀</span></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: #dadadc; clear: both; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: center;"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" />jonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00681195336189877794noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4591708346176452402.post-24919455796988664412012-01-12T20:26:00.000-08:002012-01-12T20:26:51.340-08:00❀Doa adalah Inti dari Ibadah ❀<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><i>Bismillahirrahmanirrahiim..</i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: left;"><i>Assallamu’alaikum Warahmatullah Wabarakatuh</i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'MS Mincho'; font-size: 9pt;">❤</span><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-size: 9pt;">.</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">♥♥</span><span style="color: red; font-size: 9pt;">˚</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">◦</span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'MS Mincho'; font-size: 9pt;">☆</span><span style="color: #e36c0a; font-size: 9pt;">•. (`'</span><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-size: 9pt;">•.¸</span><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">♥♥</span><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-size: 9pt;"> ¸.•</span><span style="color: #e36c0a; font-size: 9pt;">'´) .• </span><span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: 'MS Mincho'; font-size: 9pt;">☆</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'MS Mincho'; font-size: 9pt;">◦</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 9pt;">˚.</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">♥♥</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">♥♥</span><span style="color: red; font-size: 9pt;">˚</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">◦</span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'MS Mincho'; font-size: 9pt;">☆</span><span style="color: #e36c0a; font-size: 9pt;">•. (`'</span><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-size: 9pt;">•.¸</span><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">♥♥</span><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-size: 9pt;"> ¸.•</span><span style="color: #e36c0a; font-size: 9pt;">'´) .• </span><span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: 'MS Mincho'; font-size: 9pt;">☆</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'MS Mincho'; font-size: 9pt;">◦</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 9pt;">˚.</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">♥♥</span><span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: 'Monotype Corsiva'; font-size: 9pt;"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">*</span></b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">• ♥.</span><span style="color: #0070c0;">*•.¸¸</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ﷲ</span><span style="color: red;">¸ </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'MS Mincho';">❀</span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> <b>'</b></span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'MS Mincho';">❀</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> <b>'</b></span><b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">•.¸</span></b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">¸</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'MS Mincho';">❀</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">♥ </span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'MS Mincho';">❀</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="color: #0070c0;">¸¸</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ﷲ</span><span style="color: #0070c0;">¸ </span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'MS Mincho';">❀</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> ♥.</span><span style="color: #0070c0;">*•.¸¸</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ﷲ</span><span style="color: red;">¸ </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'MS Mincho';">❀</span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> <b>'</b></span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'MS Mincho';">❀</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> <b>'</b> </span><span style="color: #0070c0;">¸¸</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ﷲ</span><span style="color: #0070c0;">¸ </span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'MS Mincho';">❀</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">♥</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Sebagaimana kita maklumi bersama bahwa para <span class="fbphotocaptiontext">Para Ulama Fiqih, Ulama Hadits, dan juga Jumhur Ulama dari kalangan Ulama Salaf maupun Khalaf berpendapat bahwa Hukum Berdoa adalah dianjurkan, Sebagaimana yang terkandung dalam kitab suci Al Quran dan Al Hadits,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: #984806; font-family: 'Lucida Fax', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala Berfirman :</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="color: #984806; font-family: 'Lucida Fax', serif; font-size: 12pt;">“</span></i></b><span class="fbphotocaptiontext"><i><span style="color: #984806; font-family: 'Lucida Fax', serif; font-size: 12pt;">“Dan Rabbmu Berfirman “Berdoalah Kepada-KU,niscaya AKU perkenankan bagimu.Sesungguhnya orang-orang yang sombong tidak mau menyembah-KU akan masuk neraka jahanam dalam keadaan hina dina.”(QS. Ghafir : 60).</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="background-color: #dadadc; clear: both; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-OQjG7GvUwDU/Tw2x2aZRBXI/AAAAAAAAAcY/GFZnvvnzSok/s1600/doa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #1a6196; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-OQjG7GvUwDU/Tw2x2aZRBXI/AAAAAAAAAcY/GFZnvvnzSok/s200/doa.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.496094) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.496094) 1px 1px 5px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; position: relative;" width="200" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Lucida Fax', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Dari Abu Hurairah Radhiyallahu Anhu, Bahwa Rasulullah Shallallahu Alaihi wa Sallam Bersabda :</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Lucida Fax', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">“Berdoalah kalian kepada ALLAH, dan kalian (harus) yakin atas dikabulkan doa kalian itu,Ketahuilah oleh kalian, bahwa Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala tidak akan memperkenankan doa dari qalbu yang lalai.” ( HR. At Tirmidzi).</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Lucida Fax', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"> </span></i><i><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Lucida Fax', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"> </span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Dari uraian ayat dan hadits diatas, mengandung suatu maksud seruan, panggilan dan anjuran.Berdoa adalah sangat dianjurkan. Islam sebagai pedoman hidup, berisikan peraturan-peraturan, petunjuk dan tuntunan untuk mengatasi segala persoalan hidup,baik yang bersifat keduniaan maupun keakhiratan.Ajaran Islam yang sangat luhur menyusun tuntunan-tuntunan itu diatas akhlaq mulia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Demikian halnya denga doa,sarat dengan tuntunan mengenai adab atau tatacara berdoa, doa ketika makan dan sesudah makan, doa ketika ke kamar mandi,doa hendak beranjak tidur sampai terbangun dari tidur, semua aktifitas kita selalu diawali dengan doa dan diakhiri dengan doa pula.</span> <span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Dengan kita berdoa akan banyak pengaruhnya bagi kehidupan khsusnya dalam upaya menuju kehidupan yang Islami.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Doa dalam Islam adalah merupakan cerminan sikap tawakkal dan symbol kerendahan dan ketidakberdayaan seseorang dihadapan Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala,ketidakberdayaan dihadapan-Nya,akan menancapkan psikologi optimis bagi setiap muslim dalam menghadapi berbagai cobaan dan problem kehidupan, karena doa adalah dialog interaktif antara hamba dan Pencipta-Nya (Khaliq).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="background-color: #dadadc; clear: both; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-J4rafbL4tB4/Tw2yeeX00CI/AAAAAAAAAcg/uxJtdfY_pmo/s1600/374959_328314507181333_287949954551122_1359963_37504699_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; color: #1a6196; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-J4rafbL4tB4/Tw2yeeX00CI/AAAAAAAAAcg/uxJtdfY_pmo/s320/374959_328314507181333_287949954551122_1359963_37504699_n.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.496094) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.496094) 1px 1px 5px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; position: relative;" width="231" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Doa bukan sebatas harapan yang bersifat spekulatif dan teka-teki antara dikabul dan tidak, justru doa dalam Islam dinilai sebagai bentuk ibadah dan pengabdian kepada Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala, karena doa mengindikasikan ketergantungan dan kebutuhan kita kepada Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala. Doa menyadarkan kita sebagai hamba Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala yang mempunyai berbagai kelemahan dan keterbatasan dalam mengarungi kehidupan di dunia ini.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Sudah menjadi fitrah bagi setiap manusia selama hidupnya,selalu memerlukan perlindungan dan pertolongan kepada Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala, karena kedudukan manusia itu lemah dan tidak berdaya,yang bisa ditanggulangi jika manusia mendekat dan menyadarkan dirinya serta berlindung kepada Yang Maha Kuasa,karena hakikat kekuatan itu secara lahir dan bathin bersumber dari Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Pada dasarnya tabiat manusia pasti suka dan menyenangi kebaikan,dan benci kepada kejelekan,namun demikian tidak bisa dipungkiri, ada sebagian manusia yang mau beribadah dan memohon berdoa hanya saat ketika mereka didera kesusahan dan terjepit beragam masalah rumit,karena demikianlah manusia tidak luput dari kekhilafan.”Alinsaanu mahallu lkathaa’ wa nnisyaan”(manusia merupakan tempatnya salah dan lupa).Meski demikian betapun kekhilafan manusia Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala tetap memperlakukannya dengan penuh kasih sayang.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Sahabat saudaraku fillah yang di Rahmati Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala,Doa adalah gerbang menemukan Rahmat-Nya,tidak ada yang lebih mulia disisi-Nya selain doa. Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala Maha Santun dan Pemurah tidak pernah menutup pintu kepada setiap hamba-Nya yang dating untuk meminta dan memohon kepada-Nya. Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala Maha mendengar hingga desah nafas sekalipun,dan Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala lebih dekat dengan kita disbanding diri kita sendiri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: #984806; font-family: 'Lucida Fax', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala Berfirman :</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="color: #984806; font-family: 'Lucida Fax', serif; font-size: 12pt;">“</span></i></b><span class="fbphotocaptiontext"><i><span style="color: #984806; font-family: 'Lucida Fax', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dan Apabila hamba-hamba-KU, bertanya kepadamu (Muhammad),tentang AKU, maka sesungguhnya AKU dekat. AKU Kabulkan permohonan orang yang berdoa apabila dia berdoa Kepada-KU.Hendaklah mereka itu memenuhi (Perintah)-Ku dan beriman Kepada-KU,agar mereka memperoleh Kebenaran.”(QS. Al Baqarah : 186 ).</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Salah satu yang perlu diperhatikan dalam berdoa, adalah tidak mengeluh apalagi berputus asa akan lambatnya pengabulan dari Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala, sebab mustahil tumbuh-tumbuhan yang baru ditanam akan serta merta langsung berbuah, begitu pula dengan doa tidaklah begitu saja langsung di Ijabah oleh Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala,melainkan berjangka dan ada proses,dalam jangka itulah Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala, akan menilai kekhusyuan,kesabaran,keikhlasan dan mengabulkan permohonan hajat kita.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="background-color: #dadadc; clear: both; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/--lppGXu-8G4/Tw2y7Hv-zpI/AAAAAAAAAcw/TUp5DuYdFbY/s1600/404353_241625249242327_151031278301725_598453_2073383085_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #1a6196; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/--lppGXu-8G4/Tw2y7Hv-zpI/AAAAAAAAAcw/TUp5DuYdFbY/s320/404353_241625249242327_151031278301725_598453_2073383085_n.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.496094) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.496094) 1px 1px 5px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; position: relative;" width="213" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala akan memberikan yang terbaik,jangan pernah kita jenuh untuk mengurai permintaan dan memohon Kepada-Nya, Karena sepanjang kita mengangkat kedua tangan dan menggerakkan bibir memohon Kepada-Nya, akan dihitung sebagai Ibadah. Pada dasarnya seluruh doa didengar dan dikabulkan Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala,sepanjang doa itu tidak mengandung unsur dosa,keburukan,kemaksiatan,dan memotong/memutuskan silaturahmi, kadang bentuk pengabulannya sering berbeda dengan keinginan kita,karena Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala lebih tahu diri kita dan apa yang terbaik buat kita.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Lucida Fax', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Rasulullah Shallallahu Alaihi wa Sallam Bersabda :</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Lucida Fax', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">“Tidaklah seorang hamba berdoa kepada Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala,melainkan akan dikabulkan untuknya.Mungkin langsung di dunia atau mungkin di tunda di akhirat kelak,atau dijadikan sebagai penghapus dosanya sebesar apa yang kalian doakan, selama tidak berdoa untuk dosa,memotong silaturahmi dan selama ia tidak terburu-buru.” (HR. At Tirmidzi). </span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Imam Al Ghazali berkata:”Jika ditanyakan tentang apa manfaat doa bagi seseorang, sedangkan qadha (ketentuan) Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala tidak dapat dirubah?,Maka ketahuilah, bahwa diantara sejumlah qadha,’tentang ditolaknya atau tertolaknya bala ‘adalah karena adanya doa, dengan kata lain, bahwa doa adalah salahsatu menjadi sebab tertolaknya bala’dan mendorong bagi adanya atau diturunkannya Rahmat Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala.</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="background-color: #dadadc; clear: both; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-loHXtJ8vMR4/Tw2zTiLVZjI/AAAAAAAAAc4/eEnvMjlPytE/s1600/air_mata_keinsafan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; color: #1a6196; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-loHXtJ8vMR4/Tw2zTiLVZjI/AAAAAAAAAc4/eEnvMjlPytE/s320/air_mata_keinsafan.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.496094) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.496094) 1px 1px 5px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Manfaat doa juga merupakan tali penyambung yang kokoh antara seorang hamba dengan Rabb-Nya, hubungan yang kontinyu dan dinamis yang melahirkan ketenangan bathin pada diri hamba tersebut,karena merasa memiliki kekuatan yang besar diluar kekuatan dirinya,ketika kesulitan dalam menjemput rezekinya, dia merasa Rabb-Nya adalah Maha Pemberi Rezeki.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Membaca doa saat hati gundah gulana dibarengi tadabbur dan meresapi maknanya,akan menyuntikan ketenangan yang luar biasa dalam jiwa,seluruh anggota badan terasa nyaman dan ringan,kita merasakan damai dan aman dibawah Naungan Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: #984806; font-family: 'Lucida Fax', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala Berfirman :</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: #984806; font-family: 'Lucida Fax', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">“(Yaitu)..orang-orang yang beriman dan hati mereka menjadi tentram dengan mengingat ALLAH.Ingatlah hanya dengan mengingat ALLAH hati menjadi tentram.”(QS. Ar Ra’d “ 28).</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Doa juga merupakan bentuk dzikir kepada Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala.dengan berdzikir qalbu hamba selalu berhubungan dengan Rabb-Nya,Istiqamah berdzikir ataupun berdoa mengindikasikan sikap tawadhu kepada Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala.Karena walau bagaimanapun kita tidak lepas dari ketergantungan Kepada-Nya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Lucida Fax', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Dari Abu Hurairah Radhiyallahu Anhu dan Abu Sa’id Al Khudri Radhiyallahu Anhuma, Bahwa Rasulullah Shallallahu Alaihi wa Sallam Bersabda :</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Lucida Fax', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">“Tidak duduk suatu kaum yang berdzikir kepada Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala,terkecuali para Malaikat mengelilingi mereka, kemudian diselubungi oleh Rahmat ALLAH,dimana ketenangan turun kepada mereka, dan ALLAH berdzikir (balik) kepada mereka pada orang yang ada disisi-NYA”. ( HR. Muslim).</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Sesungguhnya sepanjang kita menjalani hidup ini, dan menyerahkan diri kepada Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala,dengan niat ikhlas maka gerak dan diam,tidur dan terjaga dihitung sebagai langkah-langkah mencari keridhaan Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala,demikian juga segala aktfitas ibadah kita selalu diwarnai dengan doa, isi shalat adalah merupakan doa, shaum, haji diwarnai doa, semua aktfitas kita mulai dari beranjak tidur hingga terbangun kembali semua diwarnai doa,segala aktiftas baik ibadah mahdah, gairuh mahdah semua berisi doa, diawali dan diakahiri dengan doa pula. Dengan demikian inti dari ibadah adalah doa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="background-color: #dadadc; clear: both; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-WLyqkWzCu18/Tw2ztl5H0KI/AAAAAAAAAdA/e3vEet4Wyos/s1600/muslimah-berdoa-putih-tasbih.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #1a6196; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-WLyqkWzCu18/Tw2ztl5H0KI/AAAAAAAAAdA/e3vEet4Wyos/s200/muslimah-berdoa-putih-tasbih.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.496094) 1px 1px 5px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.496094) 1px 1px 5px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; position: relative;" width="175" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala menentukan Perintah-Nya, dan sekaligus juga menetukan apa yang menjadi penyebabnya.Doa adalah gerbang menemukan Rahmat-Nya.Oleh karena itu berdoalah kita setiap saat,agar diselamatkan oleh Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala dari ancaman kelemahan dan kesengsaraan hidup, di dunia maupun di akhirat kelak.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Sahabat-sahabat yang di Rahmati Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala, . Mudah-mudahan manfaat buat kita semua,yang benar haq semua datang-Nya dari Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala,Yang kurang dan khilaf mohon sangat dimaafkan ’’Akhirul qalam “Wa tawasau bi al-haq Watawa saubil shabr “.Semoga <span class="content" style="position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;">Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala </span>.senantiasa menunjukkan kita pada sesuatu yang di Ridhai dan di Cintai-Nya..Aamiin Allahuma AAmiin…</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #dadadc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'MS Mincho'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">❀</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">.•</span><span style="font-family: 'MS Mincho'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">❤</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">•</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Walhamdulillah Rabbil’alamin</span> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">•</span><span style="font-family: 'MS Mincho'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">❤</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">•.</span><span style="font-family: 'MS Mincho'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">❀</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"></span></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" />jonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00681195336189877794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4591708346176452402.post-87920884951021239652012-01-10T18:22:00.001-08:002012-01-10T18:22:26.705-08:00USCGC Cowslip (WLB-277)<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;">USCGC <i>Cowslip</i> (WLB-277)</h1><div id="bodyContent" style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; width: 1035px;"><div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; font-size: 12px;">Dari Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas</div><div id="contentSub" style="color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; width: auto;"></div><div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: left; width: 315px;"><tbody>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="font-size: 10px; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><div class="floatnone"><a class="image" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USCGCCowslip.jpg&usg=ALkJrhjIxMxmh4WePk07RV56hzOcQhpQiA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Cowslip"><img alt="USCGC Cowslip" height="199" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/USCGCCowslip.jpg/300px-USCGCCowslip.jpg" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a></div><br />
USCGC <i>Cowslip.</i></td></tr>
<tr><th height="30" style="background-color: lightsteelblue; font-size: 13px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Karir (<a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhjGawnuR6oEt4Elndgo_5Q3Y-AsLA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> )</th><th style="background-color: lightsteelblue; font-size: 13px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" height="35" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Ensign_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard.svg/56px-Ensign_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard.svg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="56" /></span></th></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Builder:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">Kelautan Ironworks dan Kapal Corporation, <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota&usg=ALkJrhiRHmuPvYmZrSUf9VkmmSYObhwscg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Duluth, Minnesota">Duluth</a> , <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota&usg=ALkJrhjM8InwNYXFjvAPnkPb-4U4cRsyuA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Biaya:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">$ 918.873</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Ditetapkan:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">16 September 1941</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Diluncurkan:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">11 April 1942</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Ditugaskan:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">17 Oktober 1942</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Dinonaktifkan:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">1973</td></tr>
<tr><th height="30" style="background-color: lightsteelblue; font-size: 13px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Karir (<a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhjGawnuR6oEt4Elndgo_5Q3Y-AsLA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> )</th><th style="background-color: lightsteelblue; font-size: 13px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" height="35" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Ensign_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard.svg/56px-Ensign_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard.svg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="56" /></span></th></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Ditugaskan:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">1980-1981 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[ <span title="Teks di sekitar tag ini memerlukan klarifikasi atau penghapusan jargon dari Februari 2009"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify&usg=ALkJrhgZhrAC8xASdqaC8bXX57m6FouGfA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia: Jelaskan"><i>klarifikasi diperlukan</i></a></span> ]</sup></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Dinonaktifkan:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">2002</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Status:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">Dijual ke <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Navy&usg=ALkJrhgug6FylBBi2atBeitdaUXiRkto2g" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Angkatan Laut Nigeria">Angkatan Laut Nigeria</a> dan kemudian kembali dibaptis <i>Olepu</i><sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[. <span title="Klaim ini perlu referensi ke sumber terpercaya dari Juni 2008"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&usg=ALkJrhi4YNuI6NVZmaF6sr-QUjZI8-ltXw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia: Citation diperlukan"><i>rujukan?</i></a></span> ]</sup></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" height="30" style="background-color: lightsteelblue; font-size: 13px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Karakteristik umum</th></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Kelas dan Jenis:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>Cactus</i> (Kelas A)</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Pemindahan:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">1.025 ton</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Length:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">180 ft (55 m)</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Beam:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">37 ft (11 m)</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Propulsion:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">2 × <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors_Corporation&usg=ALkJrhg9JVAiFUju-IhHLxrW_3iOKZqdUQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="General Motors Corporation">General Motors</a> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMD_645&usg=ALkJrhipN5h_eSpY3DNudo8lTPDgzAEVCA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="EMD 645">Merck 645</a> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_engine&usg=ALkJrhgfVCaRRAlkFsE_Xge0KF4_69tvMA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mesin V8">V8</a> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine&usg=ALkJrhj-1I_mPHtKf7G1sPKlC-gJvIwycg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mesin diesel">Diesel engine</a></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Kecepatan:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">13 <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_(unit)&usg=ALkJrhgumsWBs7FLzuIrNmoluQ-iatiYqg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Knot (unit)">kn</a> (24 km / jam; 15 mph)</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Range:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">8.000 NMI (15.000 km, 9.200 mil) di 13 kn (24 km / jam; 15 mph)</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Pelengkap:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">48</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Persenjataan:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">Masa perang: 20-mm senjata, sebuah 3-in meriam, dan biaya kedalaman.<br />
Damai: Tidak ada</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Para <i>Cowslip</i> USCGC (WLB-277) adalah 180-kaki (55 m) <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCG_seagoing_buoy_tender&usg=ALkJrhgPSr-23i1gegukM6d59BawTePr2w" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCG tender yang berlayar di laut pelampung">laut akan lelang pelampung</a> (WLB). Sebuah kapal kelas <i>Cactus,</i>itu dibangun oleh <a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DMarine_Ironworks_and_Shipbuilding_Corporation%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhTyRXdjJaGBCQyWJ1KvIjOrcsjVA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Kelautan Ironworks dan Shipbuilding Corporation (halaman tidak ada)">Ironworks Kelautan dan Corporation Kapal</a> di <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota&usg=ALkJrhiRHmuPvYmZrSUf9VkmmSYObhwscg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Duluth, Minnesota">Duluth, Minnesota</a> <i>Cowslip 's.</i> desain awal selesai oleh<a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Lighthouse_Service&usg=ALkJrhhNh78b4LtEouRI6b1oSKRSWOC_fA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amerika Serikat Layanan Mercusuar">Amerika Serikat Mercusuar Layanan</a> dan desain akhir diproduksi oleh <a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DMarine_Iron_and_Shipbuilding_Corporation%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhihxiM4UBzs5k5jXxROAWUGfLMm6A" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Kelautan Besi dan Shipbuilding Corporation (halaman tidak ada)">Kelautan Besi dan Kapal Perusahaan</a> di Duluth.Pada 16 September 1941 keel dibaringkan. Ini diluncurkan pada tanggal 11 April 1942 dan ditugaskan pada tanggal 17 Oktober 1942. Biaya asli untuk lambung dan mesin adalah $ 918.873.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><i>Cowslip</i> adalah salah satu dari 39 asli 180-kaki (55 m) berlayar di laut pelampung dibangun antara 1942-1944 tender.Semua kecuali satu dari tender asli, <a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DUSCGC_Ironwood_(WLB-307)%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhj-ryyEtPz_pfPRva8jmp-kpbd4-A" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Ironwood (WLB-307) (halaman tidak ada)"><i>Ironwood</i> USCGC (WLB-307)</a> , dibangun di Duluth.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Setelah ditugaskan, <i>Cowslip</i> ditugaskan ke Boston, MA, di mana ia menjabat sampai 1944. Dari 1944 sampai 1973, ia ditugaskan ke Portland, Maine <i>Cowslip</i> itu dinonaktifkan pada tahun 1973. Dan kemudian dijual ke sebuah perusahaan sipil pada tahun 1977. Setelah hilangnya <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Blackthorn_(WLB-391)&usg=ALkJrhiK1lB8fxFhcIXUnp5NgipOr2sQ3w" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Blackthorn (WLB-391)"><i>Blackthorn</i> USCGC (WLB-391)</a> pada tahun 1980, Coast Guard membeli kembali<i>Cowslip</i> dan recommissioned sebagai pengganti.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Setelah recommissioning, <i>Cowslip</i> ditugaskan ke Pulau Gubernur, NY 1981-1983. Dari 1983-1984, itu dipindahkan ke halaman Coast Guard di Teluk Curtis, MD untuk mengambil bagian dalam Coast Guard SLEP (Service Hidup Program Ekstensi) yang akhirnya memberikan upgrade besar selama 14 dari 39 "180-an". Pekerjaan dilakukan untuk <i>Cowslip,</i> yang biaya $ 8.900.000, selesai pada tahun 1984 dan mengambil 16 bulan bekerja. Upgrade termasuk mesin utama baru, sistem Sanitasi Kelautan Perangkat, upgrade peralatan elektronik dan navigasi, sebuah komputer kontrol propulsi, dan sistem fluida pusat kekuasaan. Selain itu, ruang kapal yang berlabuh direnovasi, kantor kapal dan ruang radio diperluas, ruang gudang tambahan ditambahkan dan bilik kontrol booming dipindahkan. Setelah renovasi, <i>Cowslip</i> ditugaskan ke Portsmouth, VA, di mana ia tinggal sampai 1995. Pada tahun 1995 <i>Cowslip</i> pindah ke pantai barat dan disebut Astoria, ATAU pelabuhan rumah sampai sudah pensiun.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Satu kejadian penting dalam karir <i>Cowslip adalah</i> tabrakan dengan kaki-757 (231 m) kapal kontainer <i>Pernah Kelas</i> yang terjadi di Sungai Columbia di tahun 1997. Meskipun mengalami kerusakan signifikan, <i>Cowslip</i> telah diperbaiki dan dikirim kembali ke layanan.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><i>Cowslip</i> adalah dinonaktifkan untuk kedua kalinya pada bulan November 2002 dan dijual ke Angkatan Laut Nigeria untuk digunakan sebagai kapal tujuan umum.</div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[ <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DUSCGC_Cowslip_(WLB-277)%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhj8S7F0c4pqbqFQsyt-3KfyXxqdBw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi">sunting</a> ]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="References">Referensi</span></h2><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a class="external text" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://www.community.coastguardchannel.com/&usg=ALkJrhiDkaGfQMDLoWo4Oettg8LRZWv-uQ" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Saluran Coast Guard Veteran 180 Kelompok Masyarakat</a></b></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://www.uscg.mil/history/WEBCUTTERS/NPS_180_HAER_Report.pdf&usg=ALkJrhgFetP_BMDQ1kAlzI7zihE4cn_V8A" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Taman Nasional Laporan Service di 180-kaki (55 m) pelampung tender</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://www.uscg.mil/history/chronology_may.asp&usg=ALkJrhhBQGNcsC18uDN-mbmdDsf0Gyg1mg" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Hari ini dalam Sejarah Coast Guard untuk Mei 5</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://www.cgretirenw.org/upload/uploads/Winter_2001.pdf&usg=ALkJrhhHP8BaZ4MJjdqmXbx4GgYSgNidpA" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Coast Guard pensiunan dari Musim Dingin 2001 Newsletter</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/news/newsreleases/2002/dec/1802la.htm&usg=ALkJrhi0JYw0-4edY_EaAYw-LhDcZXJQ-Q" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">USCG Siaran Pers tentang penjualan <i>Cowslip</i></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external autonumber" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://www.uscg.mil/systems/gse/180%2520histcontextno%2520pics.html&usg=ALkJrhgFn5hgcuL-rCLF64TU_WCfeEiINw" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a> Artikel tentang Sejarah dan Signifikansi Konteks WLB 180-an.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">US Coast Guard (9 Juli 1984). Penjaga Pantai Yard, merenovasi LKP Cowslip. Siaran Pers Tidak 7-9-84.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">US Coast Guard (6 September 2001). <a class="external text" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://www.piersystem.com/external/final_View.cfm%3FpressID%3D3166%26CID%3D21&usg=ALkJrhjWq1MLF51nibxL_jLeP3ed_Hwzrw" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Pelampung Bangsa Terlama Layanan Meninggalkan Tender ini</a> . Siaran Pers</li>
</ul><table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #fdfdfd; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; clear: both; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; text-align: center; width: 1031px;"><tbody></tbody></table></div></div>jonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00681195336189877794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4591708346176452402.post-1084535478765265512012-01-10T18:20:00.001-08:002012-01-10T18:20:33.571-08:00USCGC Cactus (WLB-270)<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;">USCGC <i>Cactus</i> (WLB-270)</h1><div id="bodyContent" style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; width: 1035px;"><div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; font-size: 12px;">Dari Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas</div><div id="contentSub" style="color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; width: auto;"></div><div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: left; width: 315px;"><tbody>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="font-size: 10px; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><div class="floatnone"><a class="image" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USCGCCactusWLB270.jpg&usg=ALkJrhj0O_1_swlxRAgcu_by-tP9x82Ypw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Cactus"><img alt="USCGC Cactus" height="181" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/USCGCCactusWLB270.jpg/300px-USCGCCactusWLB270.jpg" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a></div><br />
USCGC <i>Cactus.</i></td></tr>
<tr><th height="30" style="background-color: lightsteelblue; font-size: 13px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Karir</th><th style="background-color: lightsteelblue; font-size: 13px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"></th></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Builder:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">Kelautan Ironworks dan Kapal Corporation, <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota&usg=ALkJrhiRHmuPvYmZrSUf9VkmmSYObhwscg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Duluth, Minnesota">Duluth</a> , <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota&usg=ALkJrhjM8InwNYXFjvAPnkPb-4U4cRsyuA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Biaya:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">$ 782.381</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Ditetapkan:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">31 Maret 1941</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Diluncurkan:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">25 November 1941</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Ditugaskan:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">1 September 1942</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Dinonaktifkan:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">1971</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Status:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">Dikonversi ke tongkang</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" height="30" style="background-color: lightsteelblue; font-size: 13px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Karakteristik umum</th></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Kelas dan Jenis:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>Cactus</i> ( <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_ship&usg=ALkJrhjrV0_JL4AkxKMmkndKdsYJzlhN1Q" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Memimpin kapal">kapal timbal</a> )</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Pemindahan:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">1.025 ton panjang (1041 t)</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Length:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">180 ft (55 m)</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Beam:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">37 ft (11 m)</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Propulsion:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">2 × <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors_Corporation&usg=ALkJrhg9JVAiFUju-IhHLxrW_3iOKZqdUQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="General Motors Corporation">General Motors</a> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMD_645&usg=ALkJrhipN5h_eSpY3DNudo8lTPDgzAEVCA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="EMD 645">Merck 645</a> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_engine&usg=ALkJrhgfVCaRRAlkFsE_Xge0KF4_69tvMA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mesin V8">V8</a> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine&usg=ALkJrhj-1I_mPHtKf7G1sPKlC-gJvIwycg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mesin diesel">mesin diesel</a></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Kecepatan:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">13 <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_(unit)&usg=ALkJrhgumsWBs7FLzuIrNmoluQ-iatiYqg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Knot (unit)">kn</a> (24 km / jam; 15 mph)</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Range:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">8.000 NMI (15.000 km, 9.200 mil) di 13 kn (24 km / jam; 15 mph)</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Pelengkap:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">48</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Persenjataan:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">Perang: senjata 20mm, sebuah meriam 3 inci, dan biaya kedalaman.<br />
Damai: Tidak ada.</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Cactus USCGC (WLB-270) adalah 180 kaki <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCG_seagoing_buoy_tender&usg=ALkJrhgPSr-23i1gegukM6d59BawTePr2w" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCG tender yang berlayar di laut pelampung">laut akan lembut pelampung</a> (WLB). <span style="background-color: #e6ecf9;">Sebuah kapal kelas <i>Cactus,</i> ia dibangun oleh <a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DMarine_Ironworks_and_Shipbuilding_Corporation%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhTyRXdjJaGBCQyWJ1KvIjOrcsjVA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Kelautan Ironworks dan Shipbuilding Corporation (halaman tidak ada)">Ironworks Kelautan dan Corporation Kapal</a> di <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota&usg=ALkJrhiRHmuPvYmZrSUf9VkmmSYObhwscg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Duluth, Minnesota">Duluth, Minnesota</a> desain awal <i>Cactus '.</i> diselesaikan oleh <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Lighthouse_Service&usg=ALkJrhhNh78b4LtEouRI6b1oSKRSWOC_fA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amerika Serikat Layanan Mercusuar">Amerika Serikat Mercusuar Layanan</a> dan desain akhir diproduksi oleh <a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DMarine_Iron_and_Shipbuilding_Corporation%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhihxiM4UBzs5k5jXxROAWUGfLMm6A" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Kelautan Besi dan Shipbuilding Corporation (halaman tidak ada)">Kelautan Besi dan Kapal Perusahaan</a> di Duluth.</span> Pada 31 Maret 1941 keel dibaringkan, dia diluncurkan pada 25 November 1941 dan ditugaskan pada tanggal 1 September 1942.Biaya asli untuk lambung dan mesin adalah $ 782.381.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><i>Cactus</i> adalah salah satu dari 39 asli 180-kaki tender berlayar di laut pelampung dibangun antara 1942-1944. Semua kecuali satu dari tender asli, <a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DUSCGC_Ironwood_(WLB-307)%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhj-ryyEtPz_pfPRva8jmp-kpbd4-A" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Ironwood (WLB-307) (halaman tidak ada)">Ironwood USCGC (WLB-307)</a> , dibangun di Duluth.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><i>Cactus</i> dinonaktifkan pada tahun 1971 setelah menjalankan kandas. Pada akhirnya, Coast Guard dijual kapal yang rusak dan ia dikonversi ke tongkang untuk digunakan di Pacific Northwest. The "Cactus" ditambatkan tanpa izin di Tacoma, Washington selama beberapa tahun dan kemudian di King County off Pulau Mauri 2003-2008. King County saat ini memiliki hak asuh atas kapal di Seattle, Washington.</div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[ <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DUSCGC_Cactus_(WLB-270)%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjuXTA9KNK1zcnt4_4BebHhR5InNw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi">sunting</a> ]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="References">Referensi</span></h2><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://www.uscg.mil/history/WEBCUTTERS/NPS_180_HAER_Report.pdf&usg=ALkJrhgFetP_BMDQ1kAlzI7zihE4cn_V8A" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">National Park Service Laporan tender pelampung 180 kaki</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://www.uscg.mil/history/WEBCUTTERS/WLB_Photo_Index.asp&usg=ALkJrhj-b09XNXajszd9YNiT_VM8D20jXg" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Foto sejarah USCG tender pelampung oleh Kantor Coast Guard Sejarawan yang</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://www.dnr.wa.gov/RecreationEducation/Topics/DerelictVessels/Pages/aqr_dv_notices_intent_obtain_custody.aspx&usg=ALkJrhiX5pSnBYTu-Zg_AmTD33Ap7AJDDw" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Washington Departemen Sumber Daya Alam, Program Kapal Penghapusan Berpenghuni</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a class="external text" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://www.community.coastguardchannel.com/&usg=ALkJrhiDkaGfQMDLoWo4Oettg8LRZWv-uQ" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Saluran Coast Guard Veteran 180 Kelompok Masyarakat</a></b></li>
</ul></div></div>jonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00681195336189877794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4591708346176452402.post-31528368771843260702012-01-10T18:19:00.000-08:002012-01-10T18:19:12.671-08:00USCGC Balsam (WLB-62)<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;">USCGC <i>Balsam</i> (WLB-62)</h1><div id="bodyContent" style="background-color: white; position: relative; width: 1035px;"><div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em;">Dari Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas</div><div id="contentSub" style="color: #7d7d7d; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; width: auto;"></div><div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div><table class="infobox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: left; width: 315px;"><tbody>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="font-size: 10px; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USCGC_Balsam_(WLB-62).jpg&usg=ALkJrhh9W3tdYI8T0EJt5MbmUxfWGERO_g" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Balsam (WLB-62) dari Honolulu pada tahun 1956"><img alt="USCGC Balsam (WLB-62) dari Honolulu pada tahun 1956" height="186" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/88/USCGC_Balsam_%28WLB-62%29.jpg/300px-USCGC_Balsam_%28WLB-62%29.jpg" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><th height="30" style="background-color: lightsteelblue; font-size: 13px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Karir (<a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhjGawnuR6oEt4Elndgo_5Q3Y-AsLA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> )</th><th style="background-color: lightsteelblue; font-size: 13px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" height="35" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Ensign_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard.svg/56px-Ensign_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard.svg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="56" /></span></th></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Builder:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DZenith_Dredge%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhh2OKZeAIzEWCot_wSGGaxVujAJKg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Zenith Dredge (halaman tidak ada)">Mengeruk Zenith</a> , <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota&usg=ALkJrhiRHmuPvYmZrSUf9VkmmSYObhwscg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Duluth, Minnesota">Duluth</a> , <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota&usg=ALkJrhjM8InwNYXFjvAPnkPb-4U4cRsyuA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Biaya:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">$ 916.109<br />
($ 12.348.699 dalam dolar modern)</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Ditetapkan:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">25 Oktober 1941</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Diluncurkan:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">15 April 1942</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Ditugaskan:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">14 Oktober 1942</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Dinonaktifkan:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">6 Maret 1975</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Nickname:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">Penculik Blossom <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Balsam_(WLB-62)&usg=ALkJrhhGuM69YEFWim33GiVoR7WfrwtloQ#cite_note-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0" style="line-height: 1em;">[1]</sup></a></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" height="30" style="background-color: lightsteelblue; font-size: 13px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Karakteristik umum</th></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Kelas dan Jenis:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>Kaktus</i></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Pemindahan:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">1.025 ton panjang (1041 t)</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Length:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">180 ft (55 m)</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Beam:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">37 ft (11 m)</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Propulsion:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">2 × <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors_Corporation&usg=ALkJrhg9JVAiFUju-IhHLxrW_3iOKZqdUQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="General Motors Corporation">General Motors</a> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMD_645&usg=ALkJrhipN5h_eSpY3DNudo8lTPDgzAEVCA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="EMD 645">Merck 645</a> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_engine&usg=ALkJrhgfVCaRRAlkFsE_Xge0KF4_69tvMA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mesin V8">V8</a><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engines&usg=ALkJrhi71Ly2ceB1W3vOkeU3Vid4MDD9JQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mesin diesel">Diesel engine</a></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Kecepatan:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">13 <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_(unit)&usg=ALkJrhgumsWBs7FLzuIrNmoluQ-iatiYqg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Knot (unit)">kn</a> (24 km / jam; 15 mph)</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Range:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">8.000 <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_mile&usg=ALkJrhixMISpjjoUVybAGNtC-eVWnGgX8w" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mil laut">NMI</a> (15.000 km, 9.200 mil) di 13 kn (24 km / jam; 15 mph)</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Pelengkap:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">48</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Persenjataan:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">Perang: senjata mm 20, meriam 3 inci, dan biaya kedalaman.<br />
Damai: Tidak ada</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Para <b><i>Balsam</i> USCGC (WLB-62)</b> adalah 180 kaki <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCG_seagoing_buoy_tender&usg=ALkJrhgPSr-23i1gegukM6d59BawTePr2w" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCG tender yang berlayar di laut pelampung">laut akan lembut pelampung</a> (WLB). Sebuah kapal kelas <i>Cactus,</i> ia dibangun oleh <a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DZenith_Dredge_Company%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhekQ_ZLAE2oaeUKRJocDrDZ6ne4Q" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Zenith Dredge Perusahaan (halaman tidak ada)">Perusahaan Dredge Zenith</a> di <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota&usg=ALkJrhiRHmuPvYmZrSUf9VkmmSYObhwscg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Duluth, Minnesota">Duluth, Minnesota</a> desain awal <i>Balsam itu.</i> diselesaikan oleh <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Lighthouse_Service&usg=ALkJrhhNh78b4LtEouRI6b1oSKRSWOC_fA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amerika Serikat Layanan Mercusuar">Amerika Serikat Mercusuar Layanan</a> dan desain akhir diproduksi oleh <a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DMarine_Iron_and_Shipbuilding_Corporation%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhihxiM4UBzs5k5jXxROAWUGfLMm6A" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Kelautan Besi dan Shipbuilding Corporation (halaman tidak ada)">Kelautan Besi dan Kapal Perusahaan</a> di Duluth. Pada 25 Oktober 1941 keel dibaringkan, dia diluncurkan pada 15 April 1942 dan ditugaskan pada tanggal 13 Oktober 1942. Biaya asli untuk lambung dan mesin adalah $ 916.109.</div><div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><i>Balsam</i> adalah salah satu dari 39 asli 180-kaki tender berlayar di laut pelampung dibangun antara 1942-1944. Semua kecuali satu dari tender asli, <a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DUSCGC_Ironwood_(WLB-307)%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhj-ryyEtPz_pfPRva8jmp-kpbd4-A" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Ironwood (WLB-307) (halaman tidak ada)">Ironwood USCGC (WLB-307)</a> , dibangun di Duluth.</div><div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Layanan awal-nya di Pasifik Selatan selama Perang Dunia II. Setelah perang, ia kembali ke pantai barat Amerika Serikat di mana ia menjabat di Astoria, Oregon dan Eureka, California. Dia juga adalah rumah porting di Honolulu, Hawaii sebelum dipindahkan ke Alaska untuk melayani bertahun-tahun tersisa dalam armada Coast Guard.</div><div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><i>Balsam</i> itu dinonaktifkan pada tahun 1975 dan dijual kepada perusahaan swasta untuk $ 53.687. Dia kemudian dijual lagi dan kemudian diubah menjadi perahu nelayan kepiting Alaska.</div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[ <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DUSCGC_Balsam_(WLB-62)%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhDAxvNrSPs8H-aPtbQWeVRIVcAjw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Sumber">sunting</a> ]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sumber</span></h2><ul style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://www.uscg.mil/history/WEBCUTTERS/NPS_180_HAER_Report.pdf&usg=ALkJrhgFetP_BMDQ1kAlzI7zihE4cn_V8A" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">National Park Service Laporan tender pelampung 180 kaki</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://www.uscg.mil/history/WEBCUTTERS/WLB_Photo_Index.asp&usg=ALkJrhj-b09XNXajszd9YNiT_VM8D20jXg" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Foto sejarah USCG tender pelampung oleh Kantor Coast Guard Sejarawan yang</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://www.community.coastguardchannel.com/&usg=ALkJrhiDkaGfQMDLoWo4Oettg8LRZWv-uQ" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><b>Saluran Coast Guard Veteran 180 Kelompok Masyarakat</b></a></li>
</ul><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[ <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DUSCGC_Balsam_(WLB-62)%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhiH3nzx2krh5MiP91mgBNhOOqe6IA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi">sunting</a> ]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="References">Referensi</span></h2><div class="reflist" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 3.2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-0" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Balsam_(WLB-62)&usg=ALkJrhhGuM69YEFWim33GiVoR7WfrwtloQ#cite_ref-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><b>^</b></a> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://www.uscg.mil/history/webcutters/Cutternicknames.asp&usg=ALkJrhjiWYKuGDDqjy5MFNlAitIHgWXjAw" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"US Coast Guard Cutter Sejarah"</a> . <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Coast_Guard&usg=ALkJrhgUJWX5Zxj42YzlCnAFw2Ln9YXVrA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="U. S. Coast Guard">US Coast Guard</a> .</span> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></span> <span class="reference-accessdate"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Diakses 2008-08-12.</span></span> <span class="Z3988" title=""></span><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="sejak November 2010"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1em;">[ <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot&usg=ALkJrhgRPWRFfHAa7fgylM_r_iZntxogYA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia: membusuk Tautan"><i>mati Link</i></a> ]</sup></span></li>
</ol></div></div></div>jonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00681195336189877794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4591708346176452402.post-49030380191478514702012-01-10T18:15:00.001-08:002012-01-10T18:15:51.595-08:00Buoy Tender ini berlayar di laut<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;">Buoy Tender ini berlayar di laut</h1><div id="bodyContent" style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; width: 1035px;"><div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; font-size: 12px;">Dari Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas</div><div id="contentSub" style="color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; width: auto;">(Dialihkan dari <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DUSCG_Seagoing_Buoy_Tender%26redirect%3Dno&usg=ALkJrhiYepRc-MYjx6L9-WV8yZDvBDELyg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCG tender berlayar di laut Buoy">USCG Buoy Tender ini berlayar di laut</a> )</div><div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;"><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 302px;"><a class="image" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USCGCSundewJuly2004.jpg&usg=ALkJrhhaGs3HT0ZGibOcI2TC_wgg0wYdbQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="224" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/USCGCSundewJuly2004.jpg/300px-USCGCSundewJuly2004.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USCGCSundewJuly2004.jpg&usg=ALkJrhhaGs3HT0ZGibOcI2TC_wgg0wYdbQ" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Memperbesar"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>USCG Buoy tender <i>Sundew</i></div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><b>Buoy Tender berlayar di laut</b> adalah jenis <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Cutter&usg=ALkJrhj21kJy69eEDpMQAPTHfBkRiotnfA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amerika Serikat Coast Guard Cutter">pemotong US Coast Guard</a> awalnya dirancang untuk melayani <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aid_to_navigation&usg=ALkJrhgAAOKY-1yv6-DSpUP55GB2nlwBfQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bantuan untuk navigasi">bantuan untuk navigasi</a> , seluruh perairan Amerika Serikat, dan dimanapun pengiriman kepentingan AS membutuhkan. Coast Guard telah memiliki armada berlayar di laut <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoy_tender&usg=ALkJrhi3e85YEzR_ShoT8cCgBcprtfzLEg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Buoy Tender">pelampung tender</a> dating kembali ke asal-usul dalam Layanan Light House AS. Kapal ini awalnya ditunjuk dengan <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_classification_symbol&usg=ALkJrhgaH5mEI623ZaSECaFG0_16zu-k6w" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Klasifikasi lambung simbol">klasifikasi lambung simbol</a> <b>WAGL,</b> namun pada tahun 1965 sebutan itu berubah menjadi <b>WLB,</b>yang masih digunakan saat ini.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Dua kelas dari pemotong WLB telah diproduksi. Kelas yang lebih tua, yang 180-kelas pemotong, adalah 180 kaki (55 m).Tiga puluh sembilan kapal-kapal kokoh dibangun 1942-1944. Semua kecuali satu dibangun di galangan kapal dari <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota&usg=ALkJrhiRHmuPvYmZrSUf9VkmmSYObhwscg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Duluth, Minnesota">Duluth, Minnesota</a> . Armada 180, banyak yang melayani selama lebih dari 50 tahun, semua pergi melalui berbagai usia pertengahan modifikasi yang pada dasarnya menghasilkan tiga kelas yang berbeda dari kapal. Semua 180-an kini pensiun dan telah diganti dengan kaki baru 225 (69 m) <i>Juniper</i> kelas pemotong. Pemotong 180-kaki terakhir, <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Acacia_(WLB-406)&usg=ALkJrhhmGMRowvPKn9_AyZZCzZ8OR8xKIA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Acacia (WLB-406)"><i>Acacia</i> USCGC</a> , itu dinonaktifkan pada tanggal 7 Juni 2006.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Kelas <i>warna kuning muda</i> tender 189 'pelampung adalah US Army dibangun pekebun tambang, diakuisisi oleh Coast Guard setelah Perang Dunia II. Dibangun di sekitar 1942, kapal ini dirancang untuk mesin diesel tetapi tanaman uap tekanan rendah diinstal sebagai gantinya.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><i>Juniper</i> baru pelampung tender dirancang dan dioperasikan sebagai platform multi-misi. Sementara 180-an juga dilakukan CG misi lain, mereka tidak memiliki kecepatan, komunikasi, navigasi dan manuver dari <i>Juniper</i> yang baru s. Hari ini, melakukan <i>Juniper</i> s hampir sama penegakan hukum lebih sebagai bantuan navigasi untuk bekerja, mereka juga dilengkapi untuk menangani tumpahan minyak pemulihan, pencarian dan penyelamatan, keamanan tanah air dan beberapa es melanggar operasi.</div><table class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;">Isi </h2><span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 11px;"> [<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCG_Seagoing_Buoy_Tender#" id="togglelink" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">hide</a>] </span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCG_Seagoing_Buoy_Tender&usg=ALkJrhiKtq2C26cldnV7NtQpJm630Hl0xA#180.27_-_Class_Ships" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">180 '- Kapal Kelas</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCG_Seagoing_Buoy_Tender&usg=ALkJrhiKtq2C26cldnV7NtQpJm630Hl0xA#Class_A_.28Cactus.29" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Kelas A (Cactus)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCG_Seagoing_Buoy_Tender&usg=ALkJrhiKtq2C26cldnV7NtQpJm630Hl0xA#Class_B_.28Mesquite.29" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Kelas B (Mesquite)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCG_Seagoing_Buoy_Tender&usg=ALkJrhiKtq2C26cldnV7NtQpJm630Hl0xA#Class_C_.28Iris.29" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Kelas C (Iris)</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCG_Seagoing_Buoy_Tender&usg=ALkJrhiKtq2C26cldnV7NtQpJm630Hl0xA#225.27_-_Juniper_Class_Ships" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">225 '- Kapal Kelas Juniper</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCG_Seagoing_Buoy_Tender&usg=ALkJrhiKtq2C26cldnV7NtQpJm630Hl0xA#See_also" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Lihat juga</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCG_Seagoing_Buoy_Tender&usg=ALkJrhiKtq2C26cldnV7NtQpJm630Hl0xA#External_links" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Pranala luar</span></a></li>
</ul></td></tr>
</tbody></table><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[ <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSeagoing_Buoy_Tender%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgULgbBjihCPLI-emtSjC805Z_3JA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: 180 '- Kapal Kelas">sunting</a> ]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="180.27_-_Class_Ships">180 '- Kapal Kelas</span></h2><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[ <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSeagoing_Buoy_Tender%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhgz205GqQss-31J3YoebGntOeu8XQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Kelas A (Cactus)">sunting</a> ]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Class_A_.28Cactus.29">Kelas A (Cactus)</span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 302px;"><a class="image" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conifer_WLB-301.jpg&usg=ALkJrhiFETwMyTPC6Z8ClADrEa3QJSTqLA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="219" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/81/Conifer_WLB-301.jpg/300px-Conifer_WLB-301.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conifer_WLB-301.jpg&usg=ALkJrhiFETwMyTPC6Z8ClADrEa3QJSTqLA" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Memperbesar"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>USCGC <i>Conifer</i> WLB-301 sekitar tahun 1966</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 302px;"><a class="image" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WLB_Mesquite_1.jpg&usg=ALkJrhjN0cZW8ljTf2Hsp2-7t-fJ1cY7VQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="201" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/WLB_Mesquite_1.jpg/300px-WLB_Mesquite_1.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WLB_Mesquite_1.jpg&usg=ALkJrhjN0cZW8ljTf2Hsp2-7t-fJ1cY7VQ" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Memperbesar"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>USCG Buoy tender <i>Mesquite</i></div></div></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Balsam_(WLB-62)&usg=ALkJrhhGuM69YEFWim33GiVoR7WfrwtloQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Balsam (WLB-62)">USCGC Balsam (WLB-62)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Cactus_(WLB-270)&usg=ALkJrhhOe2xHdGLId04UCbRJEQqvUX7aZA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Cactus (WLB-270)">USCGC Cactus (WLB-270)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Cowslip_(WLB-277)&usg=ALkJrhjH3x3ii62ZCZt9PRmZY_Uhf7FCoA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Cowslip (WLB-277)">USCGC Cowslip (WLB-277)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Woodbine_(WLB-289)&usg=ALkJrhi7kVof4GjXyugAz_UgD7RfaYtCYA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Woodbine (WLB-289)">USCGC Woodbine (WLB-289)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Gentian_(WLB-290)&usg=ALkJrhg_mNdzsJMVYpl_fwsx4kXSiHRNDQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Gentian (WLB-290)">USCGC Gentian (WLB-290)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Laurel_(WLB-291)&usg=ALkJrhik1e_Yg50GZvL5nMv63xPwDsy2RA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Laurel (WLB-291)">USCGC Laurel (WLB-291)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Clover_(WLB-292)&usg=ALkJrhhU1lx9tWrgHiUXQEXw4zHVQ5GzKw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Clover (WLB-292)">USCGC Clover (WLB-292)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Evergreen_(WLB-295)&usg=ALkJrhhnio-gtpQZZafk4c9mkB3IsqjdBQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Evergreen (WLB-295)">USCGC Evergreen (WLB-295)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Sorrel_(WLB-296)&usg=ALkJrhjG03-DFXij7HYccH_3abTWDjIZQg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Sorrel (WLB-296)">USCGC Sorrel (WLB-296)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Citrus_(WLB-300)&usg=ALkJrhj68s3q2pLrH0tZVwATM0d0AYNpcQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Citrus (WLB-300)">USCGC Citrus (WLB-300)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Conifer_(WLB-301)&usg=ALkJrhiD7x5WM-SLbkZ2hNRXgHRICtswzA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Conifer (WLB-301)">USCGC Conifer (WLB-301)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Madrona_(WLB-302)&usg=ALkJrhh8haqAl6cXMQuIOiKBQq-_Yzlkkw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Madrona (WLB-302)">USCGC Madrona (WLB-302)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Tupelo_(WLB-303)&usg=ALkJrhh93r5OrBB7tnCaKJjhxekt0bux-Q" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Tupelo (WLB-303)">USCGC Tupelo (WLB-303)</a></li>
</ul><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[ <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSeagoing_Buoy_Tender%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhgzebS3NtKahN28DocP5KhRXFtT-g" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Kelas B (Mesquite)">sunting</a> ]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Class_B_.28Mesquite.29">Kelas B (Mesquite)</span></h3><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DUSCGC_Ironwood_(WLB-297)%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjV9tgTQfvNTosz2PIl6pk6ezUQ0g" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Ironwood (WLB-297) (halaman tidak ada)">USCGC Ironwood (WLB-297)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Mesquite_(WLB-305)&usg=ALkJrhheePBUSHrIuVKn3PbrJVqPfbzy9Q" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Mesquite (WLB-305)">USCGC Mesquite (WLB-305)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DUSCGC_Buttonwood_(WLB-306)%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhid2lB9AOsu__yxgid7y0XkE7pSpA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Buttonwood (WLB-306) (halaman tidak ada)">USCGC Buttonwood (WLB-306)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DUSCGC_Planetree_(WLB-307)%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgIZcuG_M4fESvYVzg7D1gqJ_S2RA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Planetree (WLB-307) (halaman tidak ada)">USCGC Planetree (WLB-307)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Papaw_(WLB-308)&usg=ALkJrhj3IBoWLCQR9KUvpbNGEs8Me3XpIQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Papaw (WLB-308)">USCGC Papaw (WLB-308)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DUSCGC_Sweetgum_(WLB-309)%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhj2eF78RvmrAYNXI016vdZVkoZC0A" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Sweetgum (WLB-309) (halaman tidak ada)">USCGC Sweetgum (WLB-309)</a></li>
</ul><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[ <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSeagoing_Buoy_Tender%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhj4fNXea1ONTZXAHM_5C8LHy1esKQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Kelas C (Iris)">sunting</a> ]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Class_C_.28Iris.29">Kelas C (Iris)</span></h3><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DUSCGC_Basswood_(WLB-388)%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhh5ISVG5pE6fQmYieMKewzMliookg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC basswood (WLB-388) (halaman tidak ada)">USCGC basswood (WLB-388)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Bittersweet_(WLB-389)&usg=ALkJrhh62ZLYm4OFvBOswZGKbyC7BAb2hg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bittersweet USCGC (WLB-389)">Bittersweet USCGC (WLB-389)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DUSCGC_Blackhaw_(WLB-390)%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi_LxoG_uSyHAxeb9cpmLaYXd8KxQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Blackhaw (WLB-390) (halaman tidak ada)">USCGC Blackhaw (WLB-390)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Blackthorn_(WLB-391)&usg=ALkJrhiK1lB8fxFhcIXUnp5NgipOr2sQ3w" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Blackthorn (WLB-391)">USCGC Blackthorn (WLB-391)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Bramble_(WLB-392)&usg=ALkJrhhoW-1ZrALmcz2epDoFNvVPGCoqqQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Bramble (WLB-392)">USCGC Bramble (WLB-392)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DUSCGC_Firebush_(WLB-393)%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhEnygoYyhV5IrdB-LoZZTKcwRImQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Firebush (WLB-393) (halaman tidak ada)">USCGC Firebush (WLB-393)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DUSCGC_Hornbeam_(WLB-394)%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhyhFfWnfeeL-s0eBpOOFsN36msbw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC hornbeam (WLB-394) (halaman tidak ada)">USCGC hornbeam (WLB-394)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DUSCGC_Iris_(WLB-395)%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhL2K_FDN5duHGPyCe7dkVHiwk1nQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Iris (WLB-395) (halaman tidak ada)">USCGC Iris (WLB-395)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DUSCGC_Mallow_(WLB-396)%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhg-lfXm2x6IBMlX8cL_4WN0rJhKLA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Mallow (WLB-396) (halaman tidak ada)">USCGC Mallow (WLB-396)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DUSCGC_Mariposa_(WLB-397)%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhj1viRmS0YNnlb7RSqNuUeDPiv7ww" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Mariposa (WLB-397) (halaman tidak ada)">USCGC Mariposa (WLB-397)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Redbud_(WLB-398)&usg=ALkJrhhAjYKBJM193PDhVPny2u7OuCBkPw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Redbud (WLB-398)">USCGC Redbud (WLB-398)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Sagebrush_(WLB-399)&usg=ALkJrhglH3UnPZy--yAIESvIo96SHYZTpQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Sagebrush (WLB-399)">USCGC Sagebrush (WLB-399)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DUSCGC_Salvia_(WLB-400)%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgCeZTurmdeTFSQysO1aKEdUgK9hw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Salvia (WLB-400) (halaman tidak ada)">USCGC Salvia (WLB-400)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Sassafras_(WLB-401)&usg=ALkJrhjMLF4h4L_lgNoWR07PJ17b7Mb6NA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Sassafras (WLB-401)">USCGC Sassafras (WLB-401)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DUSCGC_Sedge_(WLB-402)%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhin7o1w3uR5rCM1Jz7M9ix9E0__ng" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Sedge (WLB-402) (halaman tidak ada)">USCGC Sedge (WLB-402)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Spar_(WLB-403)&usg=ALkJrhiXPowHQXdA5oKguuJbnEBoXqqChA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Spar (WLB-403)">USCGC Spar (WLB-403)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Sundew_(WLB-404)&usg=ALkJrhgH75vssH6V4KqfGce4FtYnqg_0uw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Sundew (WLB-404)">USCGC Sundew (WLB-404)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DUSCGC_Sweetbrier_(WLB-405)%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiwdY2_SZW9VjoR8RIRAQgMEjHYEw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC sweetbrier (WLB-405) (halaman tidak ada)">USCGC sweetbrier (WLB-405)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Acacia_(WLB-406)&usg=ALkJrhhmGMRowvPKn9_AyZZCzZ8OR8xKIA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Acacia (WLB-406)">USCGC Acacia (WLB-406)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Woodrush_(WLB-407)&usg=ALkJrhg_vZ7Rjw8Aukmn1qVLT5AUmV2rbg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Woodrush (WLB-407)">USCGC Woodrush (WLB-407)</a></li>
</ul><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[ <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSeagoing_Buoy_Tender%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&usg=ALkJrhhWk0RK2X0GTpQFkDySwKknL8u5YA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: 225 '- Juniper Kelas Kapal">sunting</a> ]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="225.27_-_Juniper_Class_Ships">225 '- Juniper Kapal Kelas</span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 302px;"><a class="image" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WLB_Oak211_2.jpg&usg=ALkJrhhSAGveqqJs3o8Aa8cTkU1nZcVyRA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="181" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/WLB_Oak211_2.jpg/300px-WLB_Oak211_2.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WLB_Oak211_2.jpg&usg=ALkJrhhSAGveqqJs3o8Aa8cTkU1nZcVyRA" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Memperbesar"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Peluncuran Buoy tender kelas <i>Juniper Oak</i> WLB-211</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 302px;"><a class="image" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detroit_GM_headquarters.jpg&usg=ALkJrhhQ4INkXb1CYZ7cOnY9BrURecHcBg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="216" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Detroit_GM_headquarters.jpg/300px-Detroit_GM_headquarters.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detroit_GM_headquarters.jpg&usg=ALkJrhhQ4INkXb1CYZ7cOnY9BrURecHcBg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Memperbesar"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>USCGC <i>Hollyhock</i> di depan Pusat Renaissance di Detroit</div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Kelas <i>Juniper</i> menggunakan <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Positioning&usg=ALkJrhjFkPajHzYUg5k6zFQOV7LgRlYsIg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Posisi Dinamis">Dynamic Positioning</a> yang memungkinkan pemeliharaan posisi kapal dalam lingkaran 10 meter di angin hingga 30 knot (56 km / jam) dan gelombang hingga 8 kaki (2,4 m).</div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Juniper_(WLB-201)&usg=ALkJrhjzoul5RAvWP8YIQkQ6H8cHgzrtaw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Juniper (WLB-201)">USCGC Juniper (WLB-201)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DUSCGC_Willow_(WLB-202)%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgCZdvX88mc4Pb237QGp1X7oShaGg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Willow (WLB-202) (halaman tidak ada)">USCGC Willow (WLB-202)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DUSCGC_Kukui_(WLB-203)%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhOiD-VgGE95jUHDE04I5uY4ld06A" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Kukui (WLB-203) (halaman tidak ada)">USCGC Kukui (WLB-203)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Elm_(WLB-204)&usg=ALkJrhiwVdTfB3hnYCouZkPgGbdXDh3QwQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Elm (WLB-204)">USCGC Elm (WLB-204)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DUSCGC_Walnut_(WLB-205)%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhj1UBDbfFu0axRrSfpBD0-AkimTfg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Walnut (WLB-205) (halaman tidak ada)">USCGC Walnut (WLB-205)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Spar_(WLB-206)&usg=ALkJrhhPNSAoEUIQQOl_Rjqy0HgOpbo44A" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Spar (WLB-206)">USCGC Spar (WLB-206)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Maple_(WLB-207)&usg=ALkJrhhf6DaZ7-Z0CYNTpk30yR6EP3N3BQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Maple (WLB-207)">USCGC Maple (WLB-207)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DUSCGC_Aspen_(WLB-208)%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhg3NguV2GpF3I_yMC4OVI6GkJRBrg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Aspen (WLB-208) (halaman tidak ada)">USCGC Aspen (WLB-208)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Sycamore_(WLB-209)&usg=ALkJrhjCQZtx2HbSP9e21teGaNIshIK1KQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Sycamore (WLB-209)">USCGC Sycamore (WLB-209)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DUSCGC_Cypress_(WLB-210)%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiTGLiHpkk97Z5PUV9xKB0bdi5bOA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Cypress (WLB-210) (halaman tidak ada)">USCGC Cypress (WLB-210)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Oak_(WLB-211)&usg=ALkJrhjStxmL-RYtJ1gz3HH9rLwd-P_png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Oak (WLB-211)">USCGC Oak (WLB-211)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Hickory_(WLB-212)&usg=ALkJrhipfPoM9GMsSeK4GIvlRgAE1JTxpA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Hickory (WLB-212)">USCGC Hickory (WLB-212)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Fir_(WLB-213)&usg=ALkJrhjIc7qUpniHlScVMXL7XYWeKgWmWQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Fir (WLB-213)">USCGC Fir (WLB-213)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Hollyhock_(WLB-214)&usg=ALkJrhjhCjDn94DiBW2Nsf-jDnlrBHs-ug" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Hollyhock (WLB-214)">USCGC Hollyhock (WLB-214)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Sequoia_(WLB-215)&usg=ALkJrhj0vVQWUZqEp3nWY3lOdj6FDmil2A" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Sequoia (WLB-215)">USCGC Sequoia (WLB-215)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Alder_(WLB-216)&usg=ALkJrhjFZWjjJ0PKzB8M7cwcGzLj3c431Q" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Alder (WLB-216)">USCGC Alder (WLB-216)</a></li>
</ul><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[ <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSeagoing_Buoy_Tender%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&usg=ALkJrhgZ9YwOF5X2z34xKZ9U8pqqWGXgQw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga">sunting</a> ]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">Lihat juga</span></h2><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCG_Coastal_Buoy_Tender&usg=ALkJrhiuAQo-FxDvFHqACBmSgUt_CVj2sg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCG tender Pesisir Buoy">USCG tender Pesisir Buoy</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCG_Inland_Buoy_Tender&usg=ALkJrhiknpB7rKHWQkwzZyUyFQdTM6acbA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCG Inland Buoy Tender ini">USCG Inland Buoy Tender ini</a></li>
</ul><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[ <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSeagoing_Buoy_Tender%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D7&usg=ALkJrhj0Z9F83KSokJGv94pe5n3cXU_y8g" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Link Eksternal">sunting</a> ]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">Pranala luar</span></h2></div></div>jonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00681195336189877794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4591708346176452402.post-17749177094319772162012-01-10T18:13:00.000-08:002012-01-10T18:13:00.873-08:00USCGC Mackinaw (WLBB-30)<table class="infobox" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: left; width: 315px;"><tbody>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="font-size: 10px; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USCGC_Mackinaw.jpg&usg=ALkJrhiFZcfE88Dl0rbWyFGJLnH5tUhjGg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;" title="USCGC Mackinaw"><img alt="USCGC Mackinaw" height="199" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/USCGC_Mackinaw.jpg/300px-USCGC_Mackinaw.jpg" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><th height="30" style="background-color: lightsteelblue; font-size: 13px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Karir</th><th style="background-color: lightsteelblue; font-size: 13px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" height="35" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Ensign_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard.svg/56px-Ensign_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard.svg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="56" /></span></th></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Builder:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinette_Marine_Corporation&usg=ALkJrhie11k8ufDW4rnlxVKupkiFMkd1mA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Marinette Kelautan Korporasi">Marinette Kelautan Perusahaan</a> (MMC)</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Ditetapkan:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">9 Februari 2004</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Diluncurkan:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">April 2, 2005</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Ditugaskan:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">10 Juni 2006</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Homeport:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">Cheboygan MI</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" height="30" style="background-color: lightsteelblue; font-size: 13px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Karakteristik umum</th></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Pemindahan:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">3.500 <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_ton&usg=ALkJrhiZwvq_O0kSqUVIfR9qvMj3tG1dxA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Panjang ton">ton</a></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Length:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">240 ft (73 m)</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Beam:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">58,5 ft (17,8 m)</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Draft:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">16 ft (4,9 m)</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Propulsion:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">Terpadu Utama Propulsion & Tanaman Listrik<br />
ABB <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azipod&usg=ALkJrhiOSRUr8l1XUzDaRaxVOZCkr9YJZg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Azipod">Azipod</a> - Fixed pitch, diameter 10 '<br />
9.119 shp (6,8 MW)</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Kecepatan:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">16 knot (30 km / jam)</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Pelengkap:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">9 Petugas, 46 terdaftar</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td style="vertical-align: top;">Kapasitas:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">130.896 US gal (495 kl) ( <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuel&usg=ALkJrhjZ08J3uaFU1233k12MNffkruAv2g" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Solar">Diesel bahan bakar</a> )<br />
27.500 US gal (104 kl) (air minum)</td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><b><i>Mackinaw</i> USCGC (WLBB-30)</b> adalah 240-kaki (73 m) dibangun sebagai kapal yang berat <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icebreaker&usg=ALkJrhjk_n2wuXMWqxzaFwCV1ZEPfq1HdA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kapal pemecah es">pemecah es</a> untuk operasi di Amerika Utara <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes&usg=ALkJrhiI0c9GzJY7rS7E1J1LxiN5XRcPKw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> untuk <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard&usg=ALkJrhhJkD5aCTzlIxhssA1pa0wvUlG0Bg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Coast Guard Amerika Serikat">Coast Guard Amerika Serikat</a> . IMO nomor: 9271054. Dia tidak harus bingung dengan sebuah kapal senama, yang <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Mackinaw_(WAGB-83)&usg=ALkJrhgXrO_vSkXWR9lYXQjJvTLEPe0Jow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Mackinaw (WAGB-83)"><i>Mackinaw</i> USCGC (WAGB-83)</a> , IMO nomor: 6119534 IMO, yang dinonaktifkan pada tanggal 10 Juni 2006.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><i>Mackinaw</i> disampaikan ke Coast Guard pada 18 November 2005 dan ditugaskan pada tanggal 10 Juni 2006. Selain es melanggar tugasnya, <i>Mackinaw</i> juga akan berfungsi sebagai AIDS untuk kapal Navigasi, mampu melakukan tugas yang sama seperti <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCG_Seagoing_Buoy_Tender&usg=ALkJrhiKtq2C26cldnV7NtQpJm630Hl0xA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCG tender berlayar di laut Buoy">tender Buoy berlayar di laut</a> (WLB) dari armada Coast Guard.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Salah satu fitur <i>Mackinaw yang</i> unik di US Coast Guard armada adalah penggunaan dua <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azipod&usg=ALkJrhiOSRUr8l1XUzDaRaxVOZCkr9YJZg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Azipod">Azipods</a> , <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABB_(company)&usg=ALkJrhhE2sE08-PJRSOds2ArOPYH0vOzRg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="ABB (perusahaan)">ABB</a> merek listrik<a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_thruster&usg=ALkJrhgRcbhg46-FaQP9UJyYms6hTo-dtw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Azimuth thruster">pendorong azimut</a> , untuk propulsi utamanya. Ini, ditambah dengan 550 hp (410 kW) busur pendorong, membuat kapal yang sangat bermanuver. Azipods juga menghapus kebutuhan untuk kemudi tradisional, sebagai pendorong bisa berubah 360 derajat sekitar sumbu vertikal mereka untuk mengarahkan mereka dorong ke segala arah. Karena Azipods dapat dikendalikan secara individual, juga tidak memiliki <i>Mackinaw</i> kemudi kapal tradisional. <sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[ <span title="Klaim ini perlu referensi ke sumber terpercaya dari Mei 2011"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&usg=ALkJrhi4YNuI6NVZmaF6sr-QUjZI8-ltXw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia: Citation diperlukan"><i>kutipan diperlukan</i></a></span> ]</sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><i>Mackinaw</i> ini turun untuk memulai berbatu sebelum ditugaskan. Sementara perjalanan ke barunya <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_port&usg=ALkJrhinxStNDkrWkSzyQ8xECHNDXtHTSg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Depan pelabuhan">pelabuhan rumah</a> dari<a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheboygan,_Michigan&usg=ALkJrhgR9H1_MPUVqfyp7ZljvYSBBrI1ww" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cheboygan, Michigan">Cheboygan, Michigan</a> , <i>Mackinaw</i> melanda sebuah <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawall&usg=ALkJrhivDpq45UjuTOz9u6CVPTSlrcyMcw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tembok laut">tembok laut</a> di <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Haven,_Michigan&usg=ALkJrhjfXlO8d0dOcWdxEZ7cHzKsfMmo3w" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Grand Haven, Michigan">Grand Haven, Michigan</a> pada tanggal 12 Desember 2005 sementara yang dikemudikan oleh XO, LCDR Nathan A. Podoll. Kecelakaan itu menyebabkan 10-kaki (3,0 m) penyok di haluan <i>Mackinaw</i> di sisi kanan nya. Tak lama setelah kecelakaan itu, Kapten Donald Triner, komandan <i>Mackinaw,</i> adalah sementara dibebaskan dari tugas sambil menunggu penyelidikan kecelakaan itu. Kecelakaan itu tidak menunda kedatangan kapal di pelabuhan dijadwalkan rumah barunya, dia tiba pada tanggal 17 Desember 2005. Kapten Triner kemudian secara permanen dibebaskan dari tugas dan digantikan oleh Kapten Michael Hudson, yang pada gilirannya digantikan oleh Little John CDR pada April 2006. CDR Scott J. Smith memegang komando pada bulan Juli 2008 dan lega dengan CDR Michael J. Davanzo di Agustus, 2011.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><i>Mackinaw</i> dapat dilihat dan melakukan tur di Grand Haven <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Guard_Festival&usg=ALkJrhi39fVcjf1rCwAVQqw8pb0hu1dZag" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Coast Guard Festival">Festival Coast Guard</a> setiap musim panas. Kapal itu juga ditampilkan di serial televisi <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Marvels&usg=ALkJrhhn6dNqONuIYN49t9MKeEjGopbl6g" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Marvels modern">Marvels modern</a> . </div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[ <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DUSCGC_Mackinaw_(WLBB-30)%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiaefq3KYyWsQrTZVb7poxQUtUPQQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Galeri">sunting</a> ]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Gallery">Galeri</span></h2><ul class="gallery" style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-top: 2px; zoom: 1;"><li class="gallerybox" style="border-bottom-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-right-color: white; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px; zoom: 1;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 30px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 30px;"><a class="image" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MackinawBowLaunch.jpg&usg=ALkJrhie3Hwwm6L8uzdeozTt5IMpd9HxMQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="90" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/MackinawBowLaunch.jpg/120px-MackinawBowLaunch.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">USCGC <i>Mackinaw</i> pada hari peluncuran, 2 April 2005.</div></div></div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="border-bottom-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-right-color: white; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px; zoom: 1;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 30px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 30px;"><a class="image" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MackinawLaunchCeremony.jpg&usg=ALkJrhjroEP4ZNOLg9_k8ATtT7z8Kd4U8g" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="90" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/MackinawLaunchCeremony.jpg/120px-MackinawLaunchCeremony.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Breaking botol sampanye di haluan <i>Mackinaw</i>USCGC pada hari peluncuran, 2 April 2005.</div></div></div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="border-bottom-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-right-color: white; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px; zoom: 1;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 35px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 35px;"><a class="image" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mackinaw_WLBB-30_Azipod_thruster.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgmL0iSsTYhr75Ht9o45ZWVH9FXSA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="80" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Mackinaw_WLBB-30_Azipod_thruster.jpg/120px-Mackinaw_WLBB-30_Azipod_thruster.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Closeup dari <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azipod&usg=ALkJrhiOSRUr8l1XUzDaRaxVOZCkr9YJZg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Azipod">azipod</a> .</div></div></div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="border-bottom-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-right-color: white; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px; zoom: 1;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 35px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 35px;"><a class="image" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MackinawLaunch.jpg&usg=ALkJrhhgNcFZHsxFkVkj4HdSYev45rOZcg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="80" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/MackinawLaunch.jpg/120px-MackinawLaunch.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">USCGC <i>Mackinaw</i> geser menuju sungai selama peluncuran.</div></div></div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="border-bottom-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-right-color: white; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 155px; zoom: 1;"><div style="width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 35px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 35px;"><a class="image" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mackinaw_actual_launch_2005-04-02.jpg&usg=ALkJrhhl9q4L-TsVQrjKaoq0pkXhv3VrNg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="80" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mackinaw_actual_launch_2005-04-02.jpg/120px-Mackinaw_actual_launch_2005-04-02.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">USCGC <i>Mackinaw</i>berdampak sungai.</div></div></div></li>
</ul>jonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00681195336189877794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4591708346176452402.post-75208707591053357892012-01-10T18:09:00.001-08:002012-01-10T18:09:37.795-08:00Buoy Tender<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(242, 133, 0); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 10px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; margin-top: 0px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-text" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.25em; width: 742px;"></td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 302px;"><a class="image" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UnitedStatesCoastGuardCutterOBION.jpg&usg=ALkJrhhF_vNjYNIRCeGSYXAAcXXHpxnZKw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="126" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/UnitedStatesCoastGuardCutterOBION.jpg/300px-UnitedStatesCoastGuardCutterOBION.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UnitedStatesCoastGuardCutterOBION.jpg&usg=ALkJrhhF_vNjYNIRCeGSYXAAcXXHpxnZKw" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Memperbesar"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>USCG OBION Cutter, sebuah Sungai Buoy Tender, mempertahankan pelampung navigasi di sungai Ohio di Louisville, Kentucky.</div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Sebuah <b>lelang pelampung</b> adalah jenis <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat&usg=ALkJrhh_pIzzDBnEHjCptKnRKAasUbt5aw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Perahu">kapal</a> yang digunakan untuk memelihara dan mengganti navigasi <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoy&usg=ALkJrhiS2QBFbA4CGXx9RiM62Mega2Zdog" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pelampung">pelampung</a> .Nama ini juga digunakan untuk seseorang yang bekerja pada kapal tersebut dan memelihara pelampung.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Para <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard&usg=ALkJrhhJkD5aCTzlIxhssA1pa0wvUlG0Bg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Coast Guard Amerika Serikat">Coast Guard Amerika Serikat</a> menggunakan pelampung tender untuk menyelesaikan salah satu misi utamanya menjaga semua US <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigational_aid&usg=ALkJrhiaDPE2KdQMX7o8W_KTR_s0zXG0Og" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pembantu navigasi">Aids to Navigation</a> (Aton).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Para <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Coast_Guard&usg=ALkJrhgV93rGq8f8exWx8uGXlmHdX4hb5w" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kanada Coast Guard">Coast Guard Kanada</a> menggunakan multi-gunakan kapal (pemecah es dan bantuan navigasi) dengan platform lembut pelampung.</div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 202px;"><a class="image" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CCGS_samuel_risley.jpg&usg=ALkJrhh66b51QcLWF-6Z5s0vI4D157UoYg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="110" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/CCGS_samuel_risley.jpg/200px-CCGS_samuel_risley.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="200" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CCGS_samuel_risley.jpg&usg=ALkJrhh66b51QcLWF-6Z5s0vI4D157UoYg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Memperbesar"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>CCGS pelampung Samuel Risley lelang</div></div></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[ <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBuoy_tender%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhenWAPzAN-fx-g6-i8sJ-QJwGZ1A" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Jenis tender CG pelampung">sunting</a> ]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Types_of_CG_buoy_tenders">Jenis-jenis tender CG pelampung</span></h2><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><b>US Coast Guard</b></div><ul style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">240 ' <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Mackinaw_(WLBB-30)&usg=ALkJrhhHxj2qBmh6Ee_qvLKP23WPrQlT_w" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCGC Mackinaw (WLBB-30)">USCGC Mackinaw (WLBB-30)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">225 ' <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCG_Seagoing_Buoy_Tender&usg=ALkJrhiKtq2C26cldnV7NtQpJm630Hl0xA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCG tender berlayar di laut Buoy">USCG berlayar di laut Pelampung tender</a> (WLB)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">175 ' <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCG_Coastal_Buoy_Tender&usg=ALkJrhiuAQo-FxDvFHqACBmSgUt_CVj2sg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USCG tender Pesisir Buoy">USCG Pesisir Buoy Tender ini</a> (WLM)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">100 ' <a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DInland_Buoy_Tender%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhitTj0rRXtXooIscebvaEg1jWq0jg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Inland Buoy Tender (halaman tidak ada)">Inland Buoy Tender ini</a> <a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3D(WLI)%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgSzzjEOGQGsp9Bo4rz6wirDDS6qg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="(WLI) (halaman tidak ada)">(WLI)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">100 ' <a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DInland_Construction_Tender%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhh2JWRCMrU18kcdOVSKXc5vgFAEHg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Inland Konstruksi Tender (halaman tidak ada)">Inland Konstruksi tender</a> <a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3D(WLIC)%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgWWIdk6hdhw-Mtmj6WM9MngiZqEw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="(WLIC) (halaman tidak ada)">(WLIC)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">75 ' <a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DRiver_Buoy_Tender%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhrP-iD7Bjt2VmGaUtyP0isin2hMw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Sungai Buoy Tender (halaman tidak ada)">Sungai Buoy Tender ini</a> <a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3D(WLR)%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhwsDjczHZgnIxRysOsqT-pNk4RBA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="(WLR) (halaman tidak ada)">(WLR)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">75 ' <a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DInland_Construction_Tender%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhh2JWRCMrU18kcdOVSKXc5vgFAEHg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Inland Konstruksi Tender (halaman tidak ada)">Inland Konstruksi tender</a> <a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3D(WLIC)%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgWWIdk6hdhw-Mtmj6WM9MngiZqEw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="(WLIC) (halaman tidak ada)">(WLIC)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">65 ' <a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DRiver_Buoy_Tender%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhrP-iD7Bjt2VmGaUtyP0isin2hMw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Sungai Buoy Tender (halaman tidak ada)">Sungai Buoy Tender ini</a> <a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3D(WLR)%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhwsDjczHZgnIxRysOsqT-pNk4RBA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="(WLR) (halaman tidak ada)">(WLR)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">65 ' <a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DInland_Buoy_Tender%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhitTj0rRXtXooIscebvaEg1jWq0jg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Inland Buoy Tender (halaman tidak ada)">Inland Buoy Tender ini</a> <a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3D(WLI)%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgSzzjEOGQGsp9Bo4rz6wirDDS6qg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="(WLI) (halaman tidak ada)">(WLI)</a></li>
</ul><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><b>Kanada Coast Guard</b></div><ul style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">272 ' <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCGS_Ann_Harvey&usg=ALkJrhju001wRq2AUdRM5Xl59SYWRs1RlQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="CCGS Ann Harvey">CCGS Ann Harvey</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">272 ' <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCGS_George_R._Pearkes&usg=ALkJrhikPKC-e49HW9UkAAVVS-UdMiCk5A" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="CCGS George R. Pearkes">CCGS George R. Pearkes</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">228 ' <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCGS_Earl_Grey&usg=ALkJrhi3q467SOOPbzFDdxlglODnFF6ncA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="CCGS Earl Grey">CCGS Earl Grey</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">228 ' <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCGS_Samuel_Risley&usg=ALkJrhhnOFOhnuB7RmZdWlDjZPpO2Z5j4Q" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="CCGS Samuel Risley">CCGS Samuel Risley</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">198 ' <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCGS_Alexander_Henry&usg=ALkJrhhYGiSKrsSTMjCV3XRPsB6tXY9opw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="CCGS Alexander Henry">CCGS Alexander Henry</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">180 ' <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGS_Aberdeen&usg=ALkJrhh5zfURIQve6FULc3fpSSMCODI33A" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="CGS Aberdeen">CGS Aberdeen</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">179 ' <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCGS_Simcoe&usg=ALkJrhgTBzkZTtP8rc92qDhxtZZr_QOhsQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="CCGS Simcoe">CCGS Simcoe</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">180 ' <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGS_Simcoe_(1909)&usg=ALkJrhgB_6PxfWgaVIXw0H7SSddUVveXWQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="CGS Simcoe (1909)">CGS Simcoe (1909)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">144 ' <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCGS_C.P._Edwards&usg=ALkJrhiWzk9XvKEA4WqW10ThVeCmKYfH7g" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="CCGS C.P. Edwards">CCGS CP Edwards</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">125 ' <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCGS_Brant&usg=ALkJrhh9pjOyKI_X__RSghkh2rgoHlqtQw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="CCGS Brant">CCGS Brant</a></li>
</ul>jonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00681195336189877794noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4591708346176452402.post-20153193371954837462012-01-10T18:05:00.000-08:002012-01-10T18:05:45.628-08:00Kapal lembut<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><b>Tender kapal,</b> biasanya disebut sebagai <b>tender,</b> adalah <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat&usg=ALkJrhh_pIzzDBnEHjCptKnRKAasUbt5aw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Perahu">perahu</a> , atau kapal yang lebih besar digunakan untuk pelayanan <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship&usg=ALkJrhg04x4OL4QjtHpd3iWT-sKloM1Uaw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kapal">kapal</a> , umumnya dengan mengangkut orang dan / atau pasokan ke dan dari pantai atau kapal lain. Perahu kecil juga mungkin memiliki tender, biasanya disebut <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinghy&usg=ALkJrhi6yhYUScQmkUS2d1v_finsRNKWyA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sampan kecil">perahu</a> .</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><span style="background-color: #e6ecf9;">Untuk berbagai alasan, tidak selalu dianjurkan untuk mencoba untuk mengikat kapal ke arah dermaga, cuaca atau laut mungkin kasar, mungkin waktu singkat, atau kapal terlalu besar untuk muat.</span> Dalam kasus seperti tender menyediakan link dari kapal ke pantai, dan mungkin memiliki jadwal yang sangat sibuk back-dan-sebagainya, sementara perjalanan kapal di pelabuhan.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Pada <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_ship&usg=ALkJrhjBu5VdhZcDNs1RqV-B5nuEQV3WlA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kapal pesiar">kapal pesiar</a> , <b>tender sekoci</b> melakukan tugas ganda, melayani sebagai tender dalam sehari-hari kegiatan, tetapi sepenuhnya dilengkapi untuk bertindak sebagai <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboat_(shipboard)&usg=ALkJrhiO_9tYqzlZr-wKbWFH5kSiR7d04A" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sekoci (kapal)">sekoci</a> dalam keadaan darurat. Mereka umumnya dilakukan pada <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davit&usg=ALkJrhilBBGc94tL-7E2FAgxtMoOlL1ESw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dewi-dewi">davits</a> tepat di atas <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promenade_deck&usg=ALkJrhhwqb_gEm0mA0XjRk4-wj0IbLvznA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Geladak tempat berjalan-jalan">dek promenade</a>, dan mungkin pada pandangan pertama tampaknya sekoci biasa, tetapi mereka biasanya lebih besar dan lebih lengkap. Desain sekoci saat tender yang mendukung <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catamaran&usg=ALkJrhja8GKSrVYvKltc8hQHhPa26wzopQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wanita yg sering menggerutu">katamaran</a> model, karena mereka cenderung untuk roll dalam menenangkan kondisi moderat di mana tender biasanya digunakan. Mereka biasanya membawa sampai 100 sampai 150 penumpang dan dua sampai tiga anggota awak.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Sebelum kapal-kapal yang diproduksi secara massal, cara utama untuk kapal yang lebih besar (terutama laut liner) adalah papan tender penumpang. Penumpang tender tetap berbasis di pelabuhan mereka dari registri, dan ketika kapal datang melalui daerah itu, tender akan mengikat dengan kapal penumpang dan memulai pada jalan ditinggikan. Kapal-kapal lebih besar, memiliki kapasitas penumpang yang lebih besar, dan rasa yang lebih luas individualitas dalam perusahaan masing-masing dari tender yang lebih modern terlihat hari ini.Karena ukuran mereka yang meningkat, sekoci dan kehidupan preservers yang lumrah di papan kapal-kapal (dengan dua kapal yang jumlah standar untuk tender rata-rata).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Sebelum teknologi yang memungkinkan kapal selam dan kapal perusak untuk beroperasi secara independen matang pada paruh kedua abad ke-20 - dan secara signifikan selama <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War&usg=ALkJrhju9QWMiTQwDvKrbcRFLTq57ccAUw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Perang Dunia Kedua">Perang Dunia Kedua</a> , mereka sangat tergantung pada tender untuk melakukan sebagian pemeliharaan dan pasokan. Mereka <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_classification_symbol&usg=ALkJrhgaH5mEI623ZaSECaFG0_16zu-k6w" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Klasifikasi lambung simbol">lambung simbol klasifikasi</a> di Angkatan Laut AS, masing-masing, <b>AS</b> dan <b>AD,</b> sementara kapal perbaikan umum adalah <b>AR.</b> Tender Angkatan Laut jatuh dari penggunaan selama akhir abad 20, sebagai kecepatan dan jangkauan kapal perang meningkat - mengurangi kebutuhan untuk maju mendasarkan. Pada akhir abad ke-20 - semua <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tender&usg=ALkJrhhjgJWTvaoFu6heN7u4tTOedXW4-A" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lembut">tender</a> di Angkatan Laut AS telah dilemahkan kecuali dua <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_tender&usg=ALkJrhiHQ8pix5t4YRtrMK27vJM3__ZaeQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Submarine lelang">tender kapal selam</a> . Sebagai hasil dari penyelesaian tuntutan hukum atas Teluk Suisun dan Muara - Angkatan Laut AS dan marad terlibat dalam program pembuangan agresif yang akan telah mengeluarkan semua kapal-kapal pada 2017.Sementara rencana Angkatan Laut untuk tender yang diselenggarakan di cadangan di tempat lain (seperti kapal selam USS tidak aktif tender McKee dan USS Simon Danau diadakan di Kapal aktif, St Juliens Creek Lampiran) tidak dibahas dalam gugatan itu, karena pemukiman, TNI AL telah menunjukkan keinginannya untuk membuang kapal tersebut sesegera mungkin.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Ternyata tidak sepenuhnya bersedia untuk menyapih diri dari tender semua bersama-sama - tetapi dengan mata terhadap mengurangi biaya - dua terakhir tender yang tersisa di dinas aktif kini telah operasional diserahkan kepada Komando Militer Sealift. <i><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory_S._Land_class_submarine_tender&usg=ALkJrhgJm4731fF4a2D6XBQ1iH5l_yZ_cg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Emory S. Tanah selam kelas lelang">Emory S. tender kapal selam kelas Tanah</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Emory_S._Land&usg=ALkJrhhtOcti-IvbaZK_WByHUAGz07Aeyw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USS Emory S. Tanah">Emory S. Tanah</a></i> dan <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Frank_Cable&usg=ALkJrhjzqz9wpiEVZmd5ZpCJS4BVeqXS0g" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USS Frank Kabel"><i>USS Frank kabel</i></a> sekarang berawak dan dioperasikan oleh kru "hybrid". Kapten dan seratus dua teknisi Angkatan Laut teratur; sementara pengoperasian kapal itu sendiri dilakukan oleh Merchant Marinir. Sebelum turn-over kedua kapal memiliki lebih dari 1000 pelaut. Sementara saat ini kapal-kapal masih menanggung AS klasifikasi - misi utama kedua kapal telah diperluas baik di luar kapal selam untuk memasukkan layanan dan dukungan dari setiap kapal Angkatan Laut di wilayah operasional mereka. Berdasarkan klasifikasi tradisional kedua kapal Angkatan Laut harus direklasifikasi sebagai AR (Auxiliary Repair) - namun - karena sekarang dioperasikan oleh MSC - itu seperti penugasan diragukan akan terjadi. Emory S. Tanah ke depan dikerahkan di Samudra Pasifik di Diego Garcia - sementara Frank Kabel ke depan dikerahkan di Pasifik di Polaris Point, Apra Harbor, Guam: penyebaran maju tersebut adalah untuk menyediakan layanan dan dukungan pada jarak yang sangat besar dari Barat Pasifik. <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship's_tender&usg=ALkJrhhiGGVVjlg6gY8_SXx-orSqLCOJ1A#cite_note-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0" style="line-height: 1em;">[1]</sup></a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Dua tender, <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Nomadic_(1911)&usg=ALkJrhhSIOgnk2CBms4NQq6aBC7CPJ-YGA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="SS nomaden (1911)">SS <i>nomaden</i></a> dan <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Traffic_(1911)&usg=ALkJrhi6Cg8O4kS6LgEyKLSfnj24TyXvQw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="SS Lalu Lintas (1911)"><i>Lalu Lintas</i> SS</a> , dibangun untuk <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Star_Line&usg=ALkJrhgkxmmf6iPelcITF9iY5bZIj9_DeA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="White Star Line">White Star Line</a> oleh <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harland_and_Wolff&usg=ALkJrhhxwIZ5Nr48nnoxS6R1PJQd_Wlaeg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Harland dan Wolff">Harland dan Wolff</a> untuk melayani liners <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Olympic&usg=ALkJrhhwaMJJ6AsfRqVBg4jovk4ibDqyTw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="RMS Olympic">RMS<i>Olympic</i></a> dan <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Titanic&usg=ALkJrhihIU7ydT3hzHst6uyfDGcUTGexrQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="RMS Titanic">RMS <i>Titanic</i></a> di <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherbourg&usg=ALkJrhhHBjOXsAM2nHZ7K-ACttfNmdAVlg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a> . <i>nomaden</i> bertahan sebagai museum kapal, dan kapal yang tersisa dibangun untuk White Star Jalur masih mengapung. <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship's_tender&usg=ALkJrhhiGGVVjlg6gY8_SXx-orSqLCOJ1A#cite_note-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1em;">[2]</sup></a></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[ <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DShip's_tender%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjlT-NlmwQ3sRJ5heW696Fn9McxQg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Jenis tender">sunting</a> ]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Types_of_tenders">Jenis-jenis tender</span></h2><ul style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DArmed_tender%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjOYrvMqfZNamXOuonJR53ZzyONWw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Bersenjata tender (halaman tidak ada)">Bersenjata lembut</a> , Inggris pasokan atau transportasi kapal yang dilengkapi dan ditugaskan untuk penggunaan militer dalam<a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Service_(United_Kingdom)&usg=ALkJrhj0CgV0my3OipMS1EhLqlk6C2NxSQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Layanan Angkatan Laut (United Kingdom)">Layanan Naval</a> .</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoy_tender&usg=ALkJrhi3e85YEzR_ShoT8cCgBcprtfzLEg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Buoy Tender">Pelampung lembut</a> , digunakan untuk menjaga <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigational_aid&usg=ALkJrhiaDPE2KdQMX7o8W_KTR_s0zXG0Og" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pembantu navigasi">alat bantu navigasi</a> .</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer_tender&usg=ALkJrhhqEst8LlTGPqda2SYlETUSFJCwOA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Destroyer lelang">Destroyer lembut</a> , sebuah kapal besar digunakan untuk mendukung armada kapal perang perusak atau kecil lainnya.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dive_tender&usg=ALkJrhgdWmlJtHy5YKluR8uiBfLjt8k3cw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dive lelang">Dive lembut</a> , sebuah kapal atau perahu yang digunakan untuk mendukung tindakan <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_diving&usg=ALkJrhj-i34dFAEfGpToK2Wn-F-jS6JfKg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Underwater diving">penyelam</a> . Juga dikenal sebagai kapal pendukung menyelam.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthouse_tender&usg=ALkJrhjL9o8qToD9TKLJGIS0jDmj2FUiLw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mercusuar lelang">Tender mercusuar</a> , digunakan untuk cenderung mercusuar dan, kemudian, pelampung.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxury_yacht_tender&usg=ALkJrhjOzm-WUGhdqJOUhxGOpp7D8BwGUA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pesiar mewah lelang">Pesiar mewah lembut</a> , sebuah perahu kecil yang digunakan di kapal pesiar mewah.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_torpedo_boat_tender&usg=ALkJrhjdv3MFj17aHM4labmyNmafw3RDug" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bermotor kapal torpedo lelang">Bermotor kapal torpedo lembut</a> , basis mobile dan kapal pasokan digunakan untuk mendukung perahu motor torpedo terhadap operasi selama Perang Dunia II.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaplane_tender&usg=ALkJrhgSQBf9u_ZyKeWuS_O4i6CBu50sEA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pesawat amfibi lelang">Pesawat amfibi lembut</a> , sebuah kapal yang mengangkut beberapa pesawat amfibi. Juga dikenal sebagai pembawa pesawat amfibi, dan dianggap sebagai pendahulu untuk kapal induk.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_tender&usg=ALkJrhiHQ8pix5t4YRtrMK27vJM3__ZaeQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Submarine lelang">Submarine lembut</a> , sebuah kapal besar digunakan untuk mendukung armada kapal selam.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_boat_tender&usg=ALkJrhgTeOD05872L0f-Y4SjiaKcZh3dcg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tender kapal torpedo">Perahu torpedo lembut</a> , sebuah kapal yang digunakan selama abad ke-20 dan awal ke-19 untuk membawa kapal torpedo untuk laut dan menempatkan mereka terhadap kapal-kapal musuh</li>
</ul><div><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><br />
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</span></span></div>jonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00681195336189877794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4591708346176452402.post-72477176774204107132012-01-10T17:53:00.000-08:002012-01-10T17:53:17.793-08:00Sekoci (kapal)<div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brosen_lifeboats_scandinavia.jpg&usg=ALkJrhhL85wg0GpBns9on4xrOXDfMHNfzA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="129" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Brosen_lifeboats_scandinavia.jpg/220px-Brosen_lifeboats_scandinavia.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brosen_lifeboats_scandinavia.jpg&usg=ALkJrhhL85wg0GpBns9on4xrOXDfMHNfzA" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Memperbesar"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Sekoci pada kapal penumpang</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Life_raft.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgaxi7hdbdN-MGohU9Hty1wBV0ATQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="146" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Life_raft.jpg/220px-Life_raft.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Life_raft.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgaxi7hdbdN-MGohU9Hty1wBV0ATQ" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Memperbesar"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Inflatable liferaft</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amandine33.jpg&usg=ALkJrhj3uXGEM4jZbjocazPHLCa-5xW72w" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="147" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Amandine33.jpg/220px-Amandine33.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amandine33.jpg&usg=ALkJrhj3uXGEM4jZbjocazPHLCa-5xW72w" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Memperbesar"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Inflatable liferaft di bercangkang keras tabung</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portland_Pudgy_proactive_lifeboat.jpg&usg=ALkJrhjbtO93yWPjQWAkZet6nm4sWqtOiA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="220" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Portland_Pudgy_proactive_lifeboat.jpg/220px-Portland_Pudgy_proactive_lifeboat.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portland_Pudgy_proactive_lifeboat.jpg&usg=ALkJrhjbtO93yWPjQWAkZet6nm4sWqtOiA" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Memperbesar"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>proaktif sekoci untuk kapal penjelajah rekreasi</div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Sebuah <b>sekoci</b> ( <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raft&usg=ALkJrhhTXZD7jk8Teuxd1Rcmo0Xwj6lxuQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rakit"><b>liferaft</b></a> ) adalah kecil, kaku atau tiup <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercraft&usg=ALkJrhikGaqmXQEhtrYdqCklB-vyVBtkFg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Perahu">perahu</a> dilakukan untuk evakuasi darurat dalam hal terjadi bencana atas kapal.Dalam militer, sekoci dapat disebut sebagai <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whaleboat&usg=ALkJrhgV3CtrpOD-gBnyl5BbDgezGb0NDA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kapal penangkap ikan paus">kapal penangkap ikan paus</a> , <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinghy&usg=ALkJrhi6yhYUScQmkUS2d1v_finsRNKWyA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sampan kecil">perahu</a> , atau <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain's_gig&usg=ALkJrhij7871G7YnF1gp6x5-8Aa9hncr-A" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Captain manggung">pertunjukan</a> . Para <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship's_tender&usg=ALkJrhhiGGVVjlg6gY8_SXx-orSqLCOJ1A" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kapal lembut">tender kapal</a> dari <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_ship&usg=ALkJrhjBu5VdhZcDNs1RqV-B5nuEQV3WlA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kapal pesiar">kapal pesiar</a>sering ganda sebagai sekoci. Pelaut rekreasi terkadang membawa sekoci proaktif kecil daripada rakit kehidupan tiup. Perahu ini tak dpt tenggelam, dan dapat berlayar ke tempat yang aman. Latihan sekoci diwajibkan oleh hukum pada kapal komersial yang lebih besar.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Inflatable sekoci mungkin dilengkapi dengan auto-inflasi (karbon dioksida atau nitrogen) tabung atau pompa mekanik. Sebuah rilis cepat dan mekanisme melepaskan tekanan dipasang pada kapal-kapal sehingga tabung atau pompa otomatis mengembang sekoci, dan sekoci istirahat bebas dari kapal tenggelam. Pesawat komersial juga diharuskan untuk membawa auto-menggembungkan rakit kehidupan dalam keadaan darurat <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_landing&usg=ALkJrhgsVg0vdvDwjuc5HGqwOyqex3kd8g" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Air mendarat">pendaratan air</a> , dan juga disimpan pada platform lepas pantai.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Kapal-meluncurkan sekoci diturunkan dari <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davit&usg=ALkJrhilBBGc94tL-7E2FAgxtMoOlL1ESw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dewi-dewi">davits</a> di dek kapal, dan tidak dapat tenggelam dalam keadaan normal. Penutup berfungsi sebagai perlindungan dari matahari, angin dan hujan, dapat digunakan untuk mengumpulkan air hujan, dan biasanya terbuat dari bahan reflektif atau neon yang sangat-terlihat. Sekoci telah dayung, flare dan cermin untuk sinyal, pasokan bantuan pertama, dan hari 'makanan dan air. Beberapa sekoci lebih cakap dilengkapi untuk mengizinkan penyelamatan diri, dengan perlengkapan lain seperti radio, mesin dan berlayar, pemanas, peralatan navigasi, stills air tenaga surya, air hujan tangkapan dan peralatan memancing.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Para <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Convention_for_the_Safety_of_Life_at_Sea&usg=ALkJrhgI6niuv380iTrt_hqOH4aluhgMZA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Konvensi Internasional untuk Keselamatan Jiwa di Laut">Konvensi Internasional untuk Keselamatan Jiwa di Laut</a> (SOLAS) dan Kode Life-Saving Appliance Internasional (LSA) memerlukan peralatan darurat tertentu dilakukan pada setiap sekoci dan liferaft digunakan pada perjalanan internasional. Sekoci modern membawa<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Position-Indicating_Radio_Beacon&usg=ALkJrhixZlfN2T2lRGU7DF5DN5G-6m5iwA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Posisi-Menunjukkan Darurat Radio Beacon">Posisi-Menunjukkan Darurat Radio Beacon</a> (EPIRB) dan baik <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_reflector&usg=ALkJrhi1cmbp_vo4vg48675LgFrw4ImTdA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Radar reflektor">reflektor radar</a> atau <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_and_Rescue_Transponder&usg=ALkJrhgRkiE6Ss91vV7EuWkTlpE9vKpqtw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pencarian dan Penyelamatan Transponder">Pencarian dan Penyelamatan Transponder</a> (SART). Di Amerika Serikat, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Coast_Guard&usg=ALkJrhhn2zzdo94aPjW2dUIzwiHdyuPQWg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="US Coast Guard">US Coast Guard</a> memastikan jenis yang tepat dan jumlah sekoci yang dalam perbaikan baik pada kapal-kapal besar.</div><table class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;">Isi </h2><span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 11px;"> [<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboat_(shipboard)#" id="togglelink" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">hide</a>] </span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboat_(shipboard)&usg=ALkJrhiO_9tYqzlZr-wKbWFH5kSiR7d04A#Origins" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Asal</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboat_(shipboard)&usg=ALkJrhiO_9tYqzlZr-wKbWFH5kSiR7d04A#Liferaft_versus_lifeboat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Liferaft dibandingkan sekoci</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboat_(shipboard)&usg=ALkJrhiO_9tYqzlZr-wKbWFH5kSiR7d04A#Specialized_lifeboats" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Khusus sekoci</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboat_(shipboard)&usg=ALkJrhiO_9tYqzlZr-wKbWFH5kSiR7d04A#United_States_Navy_liferafts" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat liferafts</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboat_(shipboard)&usg=ALkJrhiO_9tYqzlZr-wKbWFH5kSiR7d04A#Other_usages" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Lainnya penggunaan</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboat_(shipboard)&usg=ALkJrhiO_9tYqzlZr-wKbWFH5kSiR7d04A#See_also" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Lihat juga</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboat_(shipboard)&usg=ALkJrhiO_9tYqzlZr-wKbWFH5kSiR7d04A#References" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Referensi</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboat_(shipboard)&usg=ALkJrhiO_9tYqzlZr-wKbWFH5kSiR7d04A#External_links" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Pranala luar</span></a></li>
</ul></td></tr>
</tbody></table><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[ <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLifeboat_(shipboard)%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiW82QCdLXne2grWfYPoGvCsGQDgw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Origins">sunting</a> ]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Origins">Asal</span></h2><div class="thumb tleft" style="background-color: white; clear: left; float: left; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1.4em; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Titanic_lifeboat.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgrGPIb_K6iDmvozVxMAJ0zYHTIsA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="150" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Titanic_lifeboat.jpg/220px-Titanic_lifeboat.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Titanic_lifeboat.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgrGPIb_K6iDmvozVxMAJ0zYHTIsA" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Memperbesar"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Sebuah sekoci dilipat membawa korban yang selamat dari RMS <i>Titanic</i> yang<i>tenggelam.</i></div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Pada pergantian abad ke-20 kapal yang lebih besar berarti lebih banyak orang bisa bepergian, tapi keamanan aturan mengenai sekoci tetap keluar dari tanggal: misalnya, <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom&usg=ALkJrhiLGuZ3594wz-jBQqK2OGOh4hskPw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Britania Raya">Inggris</a> undang-undang tentang jumlah sekoci didasarkan pada tonase kapal dan hanya mencakup kapal "10.000 kotor <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_ton&usg=ALkJrhiZwvq_O0kSqUVIfR9qvMj3tG1dxA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Panjang ton">ton</a> dan lebih ". Itu setelah tenggelamnya <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Titanic&usg=ALkJrhihIU7ydT3hzHst6uyfDGcUTGexrQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="RMS Titanic">RMS <i>Titanic</i></a> pada tanggal 15 April 1912, bahwa gerakan mulai membutuhkan jumlah yang cukup sekoci pada kapal penumpang untuk semua orang di dalamnya. <i>Titanic,</i>dengan tonase kotor 46.000 ton dan membawa 20 sekoci, bertemu dan melampaui peraturan yang ditetapkan oleh <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Trade&usg=ALkJrhiqD0J1BCfv29B9hRb75kOkj1hPCg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dewan Perdagangan">Dewan Perdagangan</a> , yang membutuhkan kapal ukuran tubuhnya (yaitu lebih dari 10.000 ton) untuk membawa perahu yang mampu membawa total 1.060 orang.<i>Titanic 's</i> perahu memiliki kapasitas 1.178 orang di kapal mampu membawa 3.330 orang.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Kebutuhan untuk sekoci begitu banyak di atas geladak kapal penumpang setelah 1912 menyebabkan penggunaan sebagian besar ruang dek tersedia bahkan di kapal-kapal besar, menciptakan masalah lorong-lorong dibatasi. Hal ini diselesaikan oleh pengenalan sekoci dilipat, sejumlah yang ( <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berthon_Boat&usg=ALkJrhgvWesSyBVKPcYrdWi2PLb_pisucQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Berthon Perahu">Berthon Perahu</a> ) telah dilakukan di <i>Titanic.</i></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Selama <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II&usg=ALkJrhi1TxjEuBBvuzM8CW_F_DAoYIxKLg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Perang Dunia II">Perang Dunia II</a> dan <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic_(1939%25E2%2580%25931945)&usg=ALkJrhijENzdG6aAecXgZZuvzgYX14PIDA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pertempuran Atlantik (1939-1945)">Pertempuran Atlantik</a> dengan konvoi akan ke utara <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union&usg=ALkJrhi__vILEvfOVtKNyCon65qiDten-A" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Uni Soviet">Rusia</a> melalui <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean&usg=ALkJrhirSUiVQmdsvCu-eYfOcnrXqJcXIA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Samudra Arktik">Samudra Arktik</a> ditemukan bahwa kemungkinan para awak kapal dagang bertahan hidup di sekoci terbuka tidak terlalu baik kecuali mereka diselamatkan dalam beberapa jam. Para <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Navy&usg=ALkJrhhfdEJL7lrqYJ2QAN0C5rpxl2iaVQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Angkatan Laut AS">Angkatan Laut AS</a> meminta berbagai kelompok dan produsen untuk menyarankan solusi. Hasil adalah tertutup pertama, yg tak dpt tenggelam, meluruskan diri sekoci yang diproduksi di <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delanco,_New_Jersey&usg=ALkJrhgh0Sh9C_HgqnYcY3hia37h2bM8sQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Delanco, New Jersey">Delanco</a> , <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey&usg=ALkJrhgKEcEb0l7-pMmcIL31AtbpJN6xCw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> , Amerika Serikat. Unit pertama disampaikan pada tahun 1944. Ini sekoci radikal baru 24 meter panjangnya dan beratnya £ 5.000. Mereka memiliki dua kabin tertutup di setiap akhir yang bisa menampung total 25 orang. Ruang di antara dirancang untuk membantu orang-orang di dalam air harus ditarik kapal, dan bisa tertutup dengan bagian atas kanvas. Jenis sekoci baru bisa didorong baik oleh motor kecil atau berlayar. <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboat_(shipboard)&usg=ALkJrhiO_9tYqzlZr-wKbWFH5kSiR7d04A#cite_note-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0" style="line-height: 1em;">[1]</sup></a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Juga, pada tahun 1943 Amerika Serikat mengembangkan sebuah <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balsa&usg=ALkJrhhP139fdg-FfiEvqAOnRvrVRp4egw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pohon kayu balsa">balsa</a> kayu liferaft yang tidak akan tenggelam, terlepas dari jumlah lubang (dari tembakan musuh) di dalamnya.Ini liferafts balsa dirancang untuk menahan 09:55 pria pada platform ditangguhkan pada bagian dalam atau 15-25 baris tergantung ditempatkan di sisi luar. Mereka murah, dan selama perang ribuan disimpan dalam setiap ruang mungkin pada kapal perang AS dan kapal dagang. Liferafts ini hanya dimaksudkan untuk digunakan selama jangka pendek sebelum sekoci atau kapal lain dalam konvoi atau kelompok bisa membawa mereka naik. Ketika <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Indianapolis_(CA-35)&usg=ALkJrhh-S2QtWygw_tmtmAqkEWuyCnW9Uw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USS Indianapolis (CA-35)">USS <i>Indianapolis</i></a> beroperasi sendiri tenggelam pada tahun 1945, tidak satupun dari sekoci yang lebih besar diluncurkan dan bukannya yang selamat harus mengandalkan liferafts ini balsa yang otomatis dirilis sebagai kapal tenggelam. Sementara banyak dari kru tewas, jika bukan karena ini liferafts balsa kemungkinan semua akan binasa. <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboat_(shipboard)&usg=ALkJrhiO_9tYqzlZr-wKbWFH5kSiR7d04A#cite_note-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1em;">[2]</sup></a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Hari ini, sekoci tertutup adalah sekoci disukai dipasang pada kapal dagang modern, karena perlindungan unggul mereka terhadap unsur-unsur (laut terutama panas, dingin dan kasar) dalam kasus penyebaran mereka.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Umumnya masing-masing kapal dagang memiliki satu sekoci dipasang di sisi kiri dan satu di sisi kanan. Logikanya adalah bahwa sekoci selalu tersedia terlepas dari sisi mana kapal terdaftar / hak atas. Sekoci kapasitas pra-ditentukan dan pra-ditetapkan (volume yang telah diperkirakan biasanya melalui <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpson's_rule&usg=ALkJrhgDeCzyeF8hWHdutUZ-48Ttnfv1bA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Simpson aturan">aturan Simpson</a> , dari satu set pengukuran penampang area) <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboat_(shipboard)&usg=ALkJrhiO_9tYqzlZr-wKbWFH5kSiR7d04A#cite_note-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1em;">[3]</sup></a> dan disebutkan pada "Sertifikat Keamanan peralatan" kapal. Rincian lebih lanjut dari perahu ditemukan di "Form E" sertifikat ini.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Kapal dilengkapi dengan sekoci "jatuh bebas" merupakan pengecualian - mereka memiliki total hanya satu perahu, yang terletak di <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern&usg=ALkJrhhM4dyphP9G76GcnNTD_pg51sEYBA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Buritan">buritan</a> kapal.</div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[ <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLifeboat_(shipboard)%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhitrMQDjnf1UYnrPI5kweazHJKAuA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Liferaft dibandingkan sekoci">sunting</a> ]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Liferaft_versus_lifeboat">Liferaft dibandingkan sekoci</span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sapphire_Princess_Humongous_Ship_V.jpg&usg=ALkJrhjey6-nFWl4FwgNJV_HHb9oX9YnSg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Sapphire_Princess_Humongous_Ship_V.jpg/220px-Sapphire_Princess_Humongous_Ship_V.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sapphire_Princess_Humongous_Ship_V.jpg&usg=ALkJrhjey6-nFWl4FwgNJV_HHb9oX9YnSg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Memperbesar"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Modern sekoci pada <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapphire_Princess&usg=ALkJrhjilbsY2L2s1zo7igTP5b54R4Rs6g" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sapphire Putri"><i>Putri Sapphire</i></a> .Perhatikan sifat tertutup sepenuhnya (dengan sliding menetas sisi), dan menyalurkan sekrup kecil yang menyediakan mobilitas.</div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Liferafts pada umumnya dilipat, dan disimpan dalam sebuah tugas berat <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberglass&usg=ALkJrhiSSKS47ZnfRkILPXaymUMJffK2OA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Serat gelas">fiberglass</a> tabung, dan juga mengandung beberapa gas yang tinggi-tekanan (dalam model komersial, biasanya <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_air&usg=ALkJrhgY1ZX7EWvK8f-4J-BUIkvXcmtzKw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Udara tekan">udara kompresi</a> ) untuk memungkinkan inflasi otomatis ke ukuran operasi. SOLAS dan peraturan militer memerlukan ini untuk disegel, tidak pernah dibuka oleh awak kapal, mereka dihapus di periodisitas ditetapkan (setiap tahun pada kapal pedagang) dan dikirim ke fasilitas bersertifikat untuk membuka dan memeriksa liferaft dan isi. Sebaliknya, sekoci terbuka, dan peraturan memerlukan awak untuk memeriksa secara berkala dan memastikan semua peralatan yang diperlukan hadir.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Sekoci modern memiliki motor; liferafts biasanya tidak. Sekoci besar menggunakan dewi-dewi atau sistem meluncurkan (mungkin ada beberapa sekoci pada satu), yang membutuhkan manusia untuk memulai. Meluncurkan sekoci memakan waktu lebih lama dan memiliki resiko tinggi kegagalan karena faktor manusia. Namun sekoci tidak menderita dari kegagalan sistem inflasi sebagai liferafts tiup lakukan.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Baru-baru ini, lebih kecil sekoci penyelamatan diri telah diperkenalkan untuk digunakan oleh kapal-kapal dengan lebih sedikit orang di atas kapal: ini adalah perahu kaku dengan <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide&usg=ALkJrhjVIzXxP-i9eUrhDX15xNV8b6yPsQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Karbon dioksida">CO2</a> -kanopi meningkat paparan dan peralatan keselamatan lainnya. Seperti sekoci digunakan sebelum munculnya <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline_engine&usg=ALkJrhidf3cxSdJ6RO6mhTX4Bv4tpXvhuA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mesin bensin">mesin bensin</a> , penyelamatan diri ini perahu dirancang untuk membiarkan penumpang mendorong diri mereka untuk keselamatan dengan berlayar atau mendayung. Selain menggunakan mereka sebagai sekoci proaktif, penyelamatan diri ini perahu juga dimaksudkan untuk berfungsi sebagai yacht tender.</div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CCNI_Magallanes_mg_5885.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgI0uo07VTrRO2AuEEaSw2Gzt5nZA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="147" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/CCNI_Magallanes_mg_5885.jpg/220px-CCNI_Magallanes_mg_5885.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CCNI_Magallanes_mg_5885.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgI0uo07VTrRO2AuEEaSw2Gzt5nZA" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Memperbesar"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Sekoci terjun bebas dari <i>Magallanes CCNI</i></div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Para <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Convention_for_the_Safety_of_Life_at_Sea&usg=ALkJrhgI6niuv380iTrt_hqOH4aluhgMZA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Konvensi Internasional untuk Keselamatan Jiwa di Laut">Konvensi Internasional untuk Keselamatan Jiwa di Laut</a> (SOLAS) membuat persyaratan bagi kapal pedagang untuk memiliki liferafts di setiap sisi kapal, cukup untuk <i>semua</i> orang di papan (kapasitas dinyatakan sekoci, terlepas dari fakta bahwa ada sebenarnya bisa lebih rendah orang onboard). Namun, jika sekoci adalah "mudah dipindahtangankan" (yakni memiliki geladak terbuka antara port dan sekoci deck kanan), jumlah liferafts dapat dikurangi dengan cukup total kapasitas kapal.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Peralatan yang dibawa dalam sebuah liferaft jauh kurang dari sekoci. Vis a vis sekoci, liferafts tidak meluruskan diri dan memiliki motor tidak ada.</div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[ <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLifeboat_(shipboard)%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhhO7QSHxbDULkNPRfBK9Qlwd6M6gA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: sekoci Khusus">sunting</a> ]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Specialized_lifeboats">sekoci Khusus</span></h2><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Beberapa kapal telah <b>sekoci terjun bebas,</b> yang tersimpan di tempat peluncuran kapal miring ke bawah, menjatuhkan ke dalam air sebagai rintangan dilepaskan. Sekoci tersebut jauh lebih berat untuk bertahan dampak dengan air. Sekoci terjun bebas digunakan untuk kemampuan mereka untuk meluncurkan hampir seketika dan kehandalan yang tinggi, dan sejak tahun 2006 yang diperlukan <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboat_(shipboard)&usg=ALkJrhiO_9tYqzlZr-wKbWFH5kSiR7d04A#cite_note-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="line-height: 1em;">[4]</sup></a> pada<a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_carrier&usg=ALkJrhg-XCU1NezIcF_bQrB9x_AN0ROFnA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pembawa Massal">kapal curah</a> yang dalam bahaya tenggelam terlalu cepat untuk sekoci konvensional yang akan dirilis.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Kapal tanker yang diperlukan untuk membawa <b>sekoci tahan api,</b> diuji untuk bertahan minyak terbakar atau tumpahan minyak dari kapal tanker produk. Proteksi kebakaran kapal tersebut disediakan oleh isolasi dan sistem sprinkler, yang memiliki sistem pipa di atas, di mana air dipompa dan disemprotkan untuk mendinginkan permukaan. Sistem ini, sementara rentan terhadap kegagalan mesin, memungkinkan sekoci tahan api yang akan dibangun dari fiberglass dan tidak hanya logam.</div><div style="background-color: white; clear: both; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"></div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Airborne_Lifeboat_-_Warwick_B1_BV351.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgrQnftQo7X13V_UrRRhabm7Gsvuw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="203" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Airborne_Lifeboat_-_Warwick_B1_BV351.jpg/220px-Airborne_Lifeboat_-_Warwick_B1_BV351.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Airborne_Lifeboat_-_Warwick_B1_BV351.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgrQnftQo7X13V_UrRRhabm7Gsvuw" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Memperbesar"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Sebuah WW II dicurangi <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_lifeboat&usg=ALkJrhiiUM5bNY7nVCzgFKGnhsguOe3Ddg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Airborne sekoci">udara sekoci</a> di depan <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Warwick&usg=ALkJrhiJMptkrx_2Pa3vwnY-zA_xH8OkPQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vickers Warwick">Warwick Vickers</a> dari yang akan dijatuhkan kepada korban pada <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parachute&usg=ALkJrhidbdmnWz06jV0-9IK9td6OAJFXkw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parasut">parasut</a> .</div></div></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[ <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLifeboat_(shipboard)%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhhcxmx4UbDeWQNTLT4bSkznDLw9Iw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat liferafts">sunting</a> ]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="United_States_Navy_liferafts">Amerika Serikat Angkatan Laut liferafts</span></h2><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Para <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy&usg=ALkJrhg-L7nabjWfYL_h8Tc4rimreT72OA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat">Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat</a> menggunakan lima jenis kustom karet rakit kehidupan serta sejumlah Coast Guard yang tersedia secara komersial rakit kehidupan disetujui. 25-orang MK-6 dan 50-orang MK-7 yang digunakan pada kapal permukaan, 50-orang MK-8 pada operator pesawat dan LRU-13A dan 12A LRU-pesawat dan kapal selam masing-masing. Kerajinan kecil kombatan sering menggunakan 6, 10 atau 15-orang rakit kehidupan komersial. <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboat_(shipboard)&usg=ALkJrhiO_9tYqzlZr-wKbWFH5kSiR7d04A#cite_note-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height: 1em;">[5]</sup></a> Jumlah rakit kehidupan dilakukan pada kapal USN ditentukan berdasarkan jumlah maksimum personil dilakukan kapal ditambah 10% sebagai margin keamanan. Operator pesawat membawa 254 rakit kehidupan baik MK7 atau 127 MK8 rakit kehidupan. Sementara kedua mirip dengan tugas berat rakit kehidupan komersial, rakit kehidupan USN bernapas menggunakan udara sebagai gas inflasi daripada karbon dioksida untuk memastikan inflasi penuh dalam waktu 30 detik di lingkungan Arktik.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Bahan dasar yang digunakan pada MK7 rakit kehidupan adalah <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyurethane&usg=ALkJrhirmKU6pOR5vm7FYWRKHm2Le_vasQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Poliuretana">poliuretan</a> dilapisi kain yang memiliki daya tahan yang sangat tinggi.MK6 tua dan beberapa MK8 rakit kehidupan yang diproduksi dari <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoprene&usg=ALkJrhjlqhSLer3u1lum5dS4Nh_gYUTriA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Neoprene">neoprene</a> kain dilapisi, bagaimanapun, mayoritas MK8 rakit kehidupan juga diproduksi dari kain poliuretan. Sekoci kompak dan terbuat dari kompartemen terpisah, atau <i>tabung,</i> sebagai redundansi terhadap tusukan. Dua <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_cylinder&usg=ALkJrhhis16fv7-oYa5svE72s4_cLVyXRg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gas silinder">silinder udara</a> yang mengandung udara kering, bernapas dikompresi menyediakan inflasi awal. Tergantung pada model hidup rakit, silinder masing-masing mungkin berisi hingga 5000 psi udara terkompresi. Setiap rakit kehidupan dilengkapi dengan suar, cahaya eksternal otomatis digerakkan dan pencahayaan internal. Listrik disediakan oleh <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_battery&usg=ALkJrhgR9K2lV6Hc5f3W3SRBcLy3W0iIHg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Baterai lithium">baterai lithium</a> .</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Rakit kehidupan USN yang disimpan dalam tugas berat tabung fiberglass dan dapat diluncurkan secara manual atau secara otomatis harus kapal mulai tenggelam. Meluncurkan otomatis dan inflasi digerakkan oleh perubahan tekanan dirasakan oleh perangkat rilis harus hidrostatik kapal mulai tenggelam. Sebuah pompa tangan disediakan untuk tekanan "top-off" pada malam hari ketika suhu mulai turun dan mengurangi tekanan udara internal. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_relief_valve&usg=ALkJrhijQMX1Uh1aN3BpfQNKKOpyOgKkvg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tekanan lega katup">katup Bantuan</a> yang dipasang di setiap tabung untuk mencegah tekanan berlebih.Perbaikan lubang atau robekan hingga enam inci panjang dapat dibuat dengan menggunakan klem khusus penyegelan. Penghuni dalam rakit kehidupan USN dilindungi dari angin, hujan dan matahari dengan built-in yang secara otomatis mengembang kanopi. Menetas adalah sealable untuk mencegah hujan dan air laut memasuki rakit kehidupan. Peralatan hidup meliputi: panduan <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_osmosis&usg=ALkJrhj2Qx0zJivy0qH3EwLmlf2RmGPHlQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Reverse osmosis">reverse osmosis</a> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desalination&usg=ALkJrhiBPyGIX8mv9KFi7mtUxO4fHJUeEw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Desalinasi">desalinator</a> (MROD), botol air tawar, individu <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_rations&usg=ALkJrhiH1OcNGRz2VnDHP7d8iTjyPHojTQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ransum darurat">paket makanan</a> , <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_gear&usg=ALkJrhgo1C2H_BnuxsDpwYz8N299agwm1A" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Joran">kit memancing</a> , sinyal cermin, roket dan asap <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flare_(pyrotechnic)&usg=ALkJrhjisDQmWX1L8j7L30-bsDXHWIz6Mg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Flare (piroteknik)">flare</a> , <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashlight&usg=ALkJrhhdWa9WdBGecvaXOr-xKwSSsfTFoQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Senter">senter</a> , cadangan<a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_anchor&usg=ALkJrhiZfFXdoECLDTahwphulZ_55W5xAA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kala-kala">jangkar laut</a> , <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aid_kit&usg=ALkJrhiYglfMUquQ6XoP1yf6KTizR76d_A" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pertama bantuan kit">kit pertolongan pertama</a> , <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oar&usg=ALkJrhgZ-qV7n7nXWj9mArg26FPtO9dfNA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dayung">dayung</a> , baterai cadangan dan umbi, dan aluminized <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylar&usg=ALkJrhim2GRMKGx1SfQbkIbuagExaxTEPQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mylar">milar</a> lembar (" <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_blanket&usg=ALkJrhigVfyOZ3MeyLLoC9lw6KH_cuikDg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ruang selimut">selimut ruang</a> ") untuk membantu dalam merawat korban <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothermia&usg=ALkJrhj2H4DN2lCHG8viAqh2oL2rC65ShA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hipotermia">hipotermia</a> .</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">USN tiup rakit kehidupan dilayani setiap lima tahun. Setiap rakit kehidupan adalah ujian meningkat sebelum mengemas. Para rakit kehidupan USN memiliki tingkat keandalan yang tinggi dari inflasi.</div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[ <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLifeboat_(shipboard)%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&usg=ALkJrhhQfijzIlGMJxKOPXEzQ-gsr8Yvcw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: penggunaan Lainnya">sunting</a> ]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_usages">Penggunaan lain</span></h2><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></h2>jonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00681195336189877794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4591708346176452402.post-83488779190621017112012-01-08T18:59:00.003-08:002012-01-08T18:59:32.095-08:00Trimaran mewah Perahu<h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="background-color: white; color: #cc6600; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;">Trimaran mewah Perahu</h3><div class="post-header" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;"><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="">Berperahu pesiar mewah adalah program khusus dari Luxe TV bertujuan untuk menampilkan perahu indah yang memiliki desain yang luar biasa dan peralatan propulsi modern. </span>Pemilik kapal pesiar kebanyakan orang kaya. Mereka membutuhkan kapal yang cepat, modern, indah dan nyaman. <span class="">Angkatan laut arsitek yang merancang kapal pesiar mewah selalu menempatkan bahan kualitas terbaik untuk konstruksi lambung dan kamar interior untuk menciptakan suasana yang menarik dan nyaman di dalam perahu. </span>Naval Arsitektur adalah seni dan ilmu desain kapal. Jadi, kapal pesiar atau perahu akan karya seni juga.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><img alt="DSC07805.jpg" height="246" src="http://img25.imageshack.us/img25/9395/dsc07805a.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; display: inline; height: 246px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 4px; width: 400px;" title="trimaran kapal pesiar" width="400" /></div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><img alt="DSC07807.jpg" height="242" src="http://img25.imageshack.us/img25/5017/dsc07807c.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; display: inline; height: 242px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 4px; width: 400px;" title="kabin tempat tidur perahu trimaran" width="400" /></div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Pada gambar di atas, kita dapat melihat bagaimana perancang desain trimaran perahu terlihat seperti sebuah pesawat. Bentuk futuristik yang membuat lambung menyeimbangkan dua di sisi pelabuhan dan kanan muncul mirip dengan sayap pesawat. Ini yacht atau kapal, dengan jenis bentuk lambung, memiliki kecepatan tinggi ketika operasi. Selain itu, juga irit bahan bakar karena sifat air yang lebih rendah resistensi bahwa kapal telah.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><img alt="DSC07804.jpg" height="239" src="http://img25.imageshack.us/img25/3420/dsc07804f.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; display: inline; height: 239px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 4px; width: 400px;" title="trimaran perahu terlihat dari buritan" width="400" /></div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><img alt="DSC07810.jpg" height="249" src="http://img40.imageshack.us/img40/6015/dsc07810y.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; display: inline; height: 249px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 4px; width: 400px;" title="interior kayu dari perahu" width="400" /></div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Bagian dalam perahu terbuat dari kayu yang memiliki permukaan halus.Angkatan laut arsitek yang merancang perahu telah berhasil menciptakan kesan bahwa kapal adalah rumah. <span class="">Kapal pesiar atau pemilik kapal akan merasa bahwa ia berada di dalam rumah dan bukan hanya sebuah kabin perahu. </span>oleh Charles Roring. Juga baca: Trimaran dan Tricycle</div><div style="clear: both;"></div></div><div class="post-footer" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font: normal normal normal 78%/normal 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.1em; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: left; text-transform: uppercase;"><div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard">DIPOSKAN OL</span></div></div>jonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00681195336189877794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4591708346176452402.post-56767769132341537472012-01-08T18:49:00.000-08:002012-01-08T18:49:26.725-08:00Kapal perhitungan perpindahan<h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="background-color: white; color: #cc6600; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="">Kapal perhitungan perpindahan</span></h3><div class="post-header" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;"><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span class="">Secara teoritis, perhitungan </span><a href="http://shipboat.blogspot.com/2010/04/ship.html" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: none;"><span class="">kapal</span></a><span class=""> atau perahu perpindahan dieksekusi menggunakan Simpson, dan, Tzebisheff, dan aturan Trapezoidal. </span>Aturan yang paling umum yang digunakan arsitek pangkalan angkatan laut adalah aturan Simpson. <span class="">Untuk memahami fondasi dasar dari penerapan aturan Simpson integrasi dalam menghitung area di bawah kurva, silahkan menonton video Youtube berikut ini disediakan oleh Jennifer Ryan dari SNAME.</span></div><object height="344" width="425"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/0SomDYA4pfI&hl=en_US&fs=1&rel=0" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></object><br />
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<object height="344" width="425"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/c8exBvP-cGY&hl=en_US&fs=1&rel=0" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></object><br />
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<div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span class="">Naval arsitek ketika merancang kapal selalu harus menghitung perpindahan. </span><span class="">Perpindahan dari kapal adalah volume air yang dipindahkan saat mengambang. </span>Itu adalah sama sebagai bentuk bawah air kapal dan itu mewakili berat kapal itu sendiri. Sebagai hukum Archimedes berlaku, berat dari air yang dipindahkan sama dengan berat kapal.</div><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><img alt="image4.jpg" height="280" src="http://img34.imageshack.us/img34/3012/image4yyk.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; display: inline; height: 280px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 4px; width: 440px;" title="Aachen kapal kargo kontainer, kapal perpindahan konvensional" width="440" /></div><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">Di masa lalu, perhitungan perpindahan kapal adalah tugas yang membosankan. Sekarang dengan bantuan aplikasi komputer spreadsheet seperti Microsoft Excel, atau Lotus 123, dapat dilakukan dengan mudah disediakan bahwa semua koordinat dari air pesawat atau bagian yang tersedia dari gambar rencana garis.</div>Ketika saya sedang belajar Naval Arsitektur di Universitas Pattimura Ambon di kepulauan Maluku di Indonesia, perhitungan perpindahan kapal dilakukan dengan menggunakan aturan Simpson.<br />
Simpson integrasi formula baik dijelaskan dalam buku-buku seperti<i>Statika dan dinamika kapal</i> , <i>Kapal Dasar I. Teori</i> Naval arsitek menggunakan aturan Simpson untuk menghitung kurva bidang sectional area, volume bawah air dari sebuah kapal atau perahu dan banyak bentuk kurva lainnya. Mereka tidak aturan yang tepat tetapi mereka cukup akurat dalam menghitung daerah kurva. Kurva waterplanes yang kita perlu menghitung, untuk mendapatkan daerah dan kemudian volume, yang diwakili oleh kurva didefinisikan oleh persamaan matematika Simpson. Perhitungan integrasi dilakukan pada masing-masing dan reintegrasi waterplane terhadap interval rancangan umum untuk mendapatkan volume bawah air kapal.<br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><img height="145" src="http://img34.imageshack.us/img34/473/zrclip001p68c743ea.png" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; display: inline; height: 145px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 4px; width: 440px;" title="Kurva Bonjean Kapal suatu" width="440" /></div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">Sumber: Pengantar Arsitektur Naval</div><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">Jika pendekatan perhitungan dilakukan untuk setiap bagian maka kita akan mendapatkan apa yang kita sebut sebagai kurva Bonjean. Bonjean kurva tidak hanya digunakan oleh arsitek dan pembangun kapal angkatan laut tetapi juga oleh awak kapal dalam menilai pemindahan kapal serta pusat daya apung. Pusat vertikal dan longitudinal daya apung kapal diperlukan untuk menilai ketinggian GM metasentrik dan tuas GZ meluruskan yang merupakan dua parameter penting dalam studi stabilitas kapal. <span class="">. oleh Charles Roring di Manokwari Papua Barat </span><br />
<span class="">Juga baca: </span><span style="color: #999999; text-decoration: none;"><span class=""><a href="http://charlesroring.blogspot.com/2009/10/waterplane-area-calculation-with.html" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: none;">perhitungan daerah Waterplane menggunakan aturan Simpson</a></span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #999999; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://charlesroring.blogspot.com/2009/06/ship-displacement-calculation.html">http://charlesroring.blogspot.com/2009/06/ship-displacement-calculation.html</a> </span></div><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="color: #cc6600; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="">Waterplane Perhitungan dengan Peraturan Daerah Simpson</span></h3><div class="post-header" style="text-align: left;"><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Angkatan laut arsitek akan selalu harus berurusan dengan perhitungan bentuk kapal. Ini termasuk perhitungan bidang waterplane, bagian transversal untuk mendapatkan kurva daerah sectional, perhitungan sifat hidrostatik kapal seperti perpindahan, pusat daya apung, pusat pengapungan, yang melintang di atas metacenter keel dan lain-lain Dalam posting ini, saya akan menjelaskan bagaimana dalam studi Arsitektur Naval kita menggunakan aturan Simpson untuk menghitung luas waterplane dan posisi pusat massa yang luas dan akhirnya,. momen kedua dari area untuk perahu.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><img alt="kecil berlayar-yacht.jpg" height="264" src="http://img136.imageshack.us/img136/9862/smallsailingyacht.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; display: inline; height: 264px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 4px; width: 400px;" title="kapal pesiar berlayar perahu kecil waterplane perhitungan menggunakan aturan Simpson" width="400" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Sebagai contoh, kita mendapatkan koordinat (dalam meter) dari waterplane dari sebuah perahu yang didefinisikan oleh serangkaian koordinat luasnya setengah di 2 pemisahan meter, sebagai berikut:</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><img height="54" src="http://img119.imageshack.us/img119/9660/zrclip004p12405946.png" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; display: inline; height: 54px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 4px; width: 400px;" title="sampel luasnya setengah koordinat dari perahu untuk perhitungan daerah menggunakan aturan Simpson" width="400" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Untuk ilustrasi, saya telah digambar atau sketsa menggunakan pensil di waterplane selembar kertas.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><img height="126" src="http://img119.imageshack.us/img119/8532/zrclip005n486c7e14.png" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; display: inline; height: 126px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 4px; width: 400px;" title="Aturan Simpson daerah waterplane perhitungan untuk perahu" width="400" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Untuk melaksanakan perhitungan bentuk kapal atau perahu, saya menggunakan Microsoft Excel. Aku memasuki koordinat roti setengah dari perahu dalam sebuah tabel dan melakukan perhitungan sebagaimana tergambar pada tabel di bawah ini:</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><img height="236" src="http://img131.imageshack.us/img131/8871/zrclip007n68415636.png" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; display: inline; height: 236px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 4px; width: 400px;" title="waterplane wilayah perhitungan perahu menggunakan aturan Simpson" width="400" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Sebagaimana dijelaskan oleh EC Tupper pada halaman 55 dari <i>Pengantar Arsitektur Naval</i> , F kolom (A) mewakili SM x <i>y</i> ; F (M) = SM x tuas x <i>y;</i> F ( <i>I</i> ) panjang = SM x tuas pengungkit x x <i>y</i> dan F (I) trans = SM x <i>y </i><sup>3</sup> . Dari penjumlahan dalam tabel:</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Luas waterplane (untuk kedua sisi perahu) = 2 / 3 x 2 x 67.2 = 89,599 meter persegi.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Centroid dari daerah adalah 2 x 0,625 m = 21/67.2 ke depan bagian tengah kapal.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Momen kedua membujur dari daerah sekitar bagian tengah kapal = 2 / 3 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 284,4 = 1.516,799 m <sup>4</sup></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Momen kedua minimal longitudinal akan menjadi sekitar centroid dari daerah dan diberikan oleh:</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Saya <sub>L</sub> = 1516,8-89,599 (0,625) <sup>2</sup> = 1.481,647 m <sup>4</sup></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Perhitungan kapal Bentuknya dapat dilakukan tidak hanya oleh aturan-aturan Simpson tetapi juga oleh Trapezoidal, aturan Tchebycheff itu.Dengan menggunakan program komputer spreadsheet seperti Microsoft Excel dan Lotus 123, perhitungan dapat dilakukan dan dimodifikasi secara real-time dengan mudah. oleh <a href="mailto:lroring@yahoo.com" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: none;">Charles Roring</a></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Menonton video perhitungan perpindahan kapal pada posting berikut:</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><ul><li><a href="http://charlesroring.blogspot.com/2009/06/ship-displacement-calculation.html" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: none;">Perhitungan Pemindahan Kapal</a></li>
<li><a href="http://charlesroring.blogspot.com/2009/10/ships-displacement-calculation-using.html" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: none;">Pemindahan kapal Perhitungan menggunakan Aturan Simpson</a> </li>
</ul></div></div></div></div>jonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00681195336189877794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4591708346176452402.post-57329117183142700732012-01-08T18:33:00.000-08:002012-01-08T18:33:50.519-08:00Lapangan diameter rasio kinerja baling-baling dan mesin kapal<h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="background-color: white; color: #cc6600; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="">Lapangan diameter rasio kinerja baling-baling dan mesin kapal</span></h3><div class="post-header" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;"><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">oleh <a href="http://charlesroring.wordpress.com/" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: none;">Charles Roring</a> di Manokwari Papua Barat</div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">Kinerja mesin propulsi kelautan banyak dipengaruhi oleh baling-baling dipasang di belakang lambung kapal atau perahu. Jika baling-baling dirancang dengan baik, mesin akan bekerja dengan baik tanpa menderita overloading atau underloading. Baling-baling desainer tahu bahwa pemilihan rasio diameter lapangan memainkan faktor yang sangat penting.</div><br />
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<img alt="lub1_10_large.jpg" height="196" src="http://img35.imageshack.us/img35/5342/lub110large.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; display: inline; height: 196px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 4px; width: 440px;" title="wadah besar / bulk carrier dalam kondisi kosong" width="440" /></div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">Jika rasio pitch diameter terlalu tinggi, mesin utama akan menderita overloading. Ketika kapal bergerak pada kecepatan layanan di laut, tanda overloading dapat dilihat dari pipa knalpot. Banyak asap hitam akan dirilis oleh mesin lapangan rasio diameter baling-baling yang adalah terlalu tinggi. Pemeriksaan lebih lanjut ke bagian dalam mesin menunjukkan bahwa katup yang dibakar. Kadang-kadang kita dapat menemukan celah-celah di kepala silinder.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">Jika lapangan rasio diameter baling-baling itu terlalu kecil, maka tanda yang pasti untuk ini adalah bahwa kecepatan lambat kapal, dan kavitasi.Kavitasi adalah usuall diselesaikan dengan meningkatkan rasio pisau daerah dikembangkan dan diameter baling-baling. Kita mungkin merasa bahwa konsumsi bahan bakar kecil tapi dalam kenyataannya kecepatan kapal atau perahu yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan kapal sejenis lainnya.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
<img alt="sbp.jpg" height="388" src="http://img35.imageshack.us/img35/4827/sbp.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; display: inline; height: 388px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 4px; width: 440px;" title="baling-baling berbilah tiga biasanya dipasang dalam kapal ikan" width="440" /></div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">Solusi untuk rasio baling lapangan terlalu rendah atau terlalu tinggi diameter repitching. Repitching harus dilakukan oleh pabrik baling-baling yang berpengalaman dengan bantuan seorang desainer yang berpengalaman atau baling-baling seorang arsitek angkatan laut yang memahami perlawanan dan sistem propulsi kapal atau perahu. <span class="">Juga baca: </span><a href="http://charlesroring.blogspot.com/2009/06/ship-displacement-calculation.html" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: none;"><span class="">Kapal perhitungan perpindahan</span></a><span class=""> , dan </span><a href="http://charlesroring.blogspot.com/2009/06/propulsion-system-of-submarine.html" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: none;"><span class="">sistem propulsi kapal selam</span></a></div></div>jonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00681195336189877794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4591708346176452402.post-10378147990606257182012-01-08T18:15:00.003-08:002012-01-08T18:15:54.427-08:00Bahan dan Kekuatan Screw Propeller Kelautan<h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="background-color: white; color: #cc6600; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="">Bahan dan Kekuatan Screw Propeller Kelautan</span></h3><div class="post-header" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;"><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBO5aZSOP3b-kAC6C79-8tU4VvlGV0ql1HqPuMjCJsRk-ZU4QzRuxFrXkrjkdvXFNzLCoo6QKD96zC6tCrFz1uC6AjQCIr__Etu4o1qiG1Hf5xPQk0lzVjirYjzPB6T9CAR57XY1o5CRr8/s1600-h/iris2.jpg" style="color: #cc6600;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5345177752992601458" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBO5aZSOP3b-kAC6C79-8tU4VvlGV0ql1HqPuMjCJsRk-ZU4QzRuxFrXkrjkdvXFNzLCoo6QKD96zC6tCrFz1uC6AjQCIr__Etu4o1qiG1Hf5xPQk0lzVjirYjzPB6T9CAR57XY1o5CRr8/s400/iris2.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; cursor: pointer; float: right; height: 379px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 4px; width: 400px;" /></a><br />
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<span xmlns=""><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">oleh Charles Roring di Manokwari Papua Barat - Indonesia</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Kekuatan dan dimensi baling-baling kapal dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor penggerak berbagai pilihan materi. Jika resistensi dan parameter propulsi kapal telah ditentukan, langkah berikutnya adalah menentukan dimensi baling-baling. Salah satunya adalah ketebalan pisau.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Dalam menghitung ketebalan pisau, seorang desainer baling-baling biasanya memiliki kekuatan untuk melakukan perhitungan sehingga ia dapat menentukan ketebalan minimum pisau pada radius 0,2 R baling-baling kapal.Perhitungan ini biasanya didasarkan pada metode Taylor yang juga dijelaskan pada halaman 288-301 dari <em>The Desain Screw Baling-baling Kelautan</em> ditulis oleh TPO Brien.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>Propeller Material -</strong> Rumus Taylor yang digunakan dalam perhitungan kekuatan baling-baling yang penting dalam menilai tegangan kerja dirancang dan ketebalan pisau baling aman sebesar 0,2 R. Societes Klasifikasi telah menyediakan informasi tentang bahan baling-baling dan sifat mereka yang seorang arsitek angkatan laut atau baling-baling desainer dapat digunakan untuk desain propeler yang diperlukan. Tabel berikut adalah persyaratan yang diberikan oleh Det Norske Veritas untuk bahan baling-baling</span></div><div><table border="0" style="border-collapse: collapse;"><colgroup><col style="width: 230px;"></col><col style="width: 145px;"></col><col style="width: 107px;"></col></colgroup><tbody valign="top">
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 0.5pt; border-image: initial; border-left-color: black; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 0.5pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0.5pt; border-top-color: black; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0.5pt; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>Propeller Bahan</strong></span></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: solid; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>Tarik minimum stres utama</strong></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>(Kg / mm <sup>2</sup> )</strong></span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: solid; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>Pemanjangan minimum</strong></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>(%)</strong></span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Cor baja</span></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">41</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">20</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Khusus baling-baling perunggu</span></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">45</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">20</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Ni-Al-perunggu</span></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">60</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">16</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Besi cor nodular, panas diperlakukan</span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Tidak panas dirawat</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">40</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">15</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">3</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Khusus besi cor</span></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">55</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">-</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Biasa besi cor</span></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">24</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">-</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Loyang</span></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">14</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">8</span></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Informasi di atas disajikan pada halaman 285 dari <em>Desain dari Screw Baling-baling Kelautan</em> oleh TPO Brien. Selain tegangan tarik minimum, parameter penggerak lainnya yang kita butuhkan adalah tenaga kuda disampaikan P <sub>D</sub> , jumlah pisau, RPM, diameter baling-baling, chord rasio diameter 0,2 R, berat jenis material, dan keruk dari baling-baling.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Rata-rata dirancang tegangan kerja dan kepadatan bahan untuk baling-baling sekrup laut tersedia di bawah ini</span></div><div><table border="0" style="border-collapse: collapse;"><colgroup><col style="width: 129px;"></col><col style="width: 59px;"></col><col style="width: 96px;"></col><col style="width: 78px;"></col><col style="width: 96px;"></col><col style="width: 73px;"></col></colgroup><tbody valign="top">
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 0.5pt; border-image: initial; border-left-color: black; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 0.5pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0.5pt; border-top-color: black; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0.5pt; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Materi</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: solid; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Kepadatan</span></div></td><td colspan="4" style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: solid; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Desain Stres (lbs / inci <sup>2</sup> )</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><br />
</td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><br />
</td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Screw tunggal</span></div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Twin Sekrup</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td color="-moz-use-text-color black black" style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><br />
</td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">(Lb / ft <sup>3</sup> )</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Mesin reciprocating</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Turbin atau diesel listrik</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Mesin reciprocating</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Turbin atau diesel listrik</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td color="-moz-use-text-color black black" style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Mangan perunggu</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">525</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">6000</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">6250</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">6250</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">6500</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 0.5pt; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 0.5pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0.5pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Nikel-Al-Perunggu</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">480</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">6750</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">7000</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">7000</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">7250</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 0.5pt; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 0.5pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0.5pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Besi cor</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">450</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">2500</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">2600</span></div></td><td color="-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color" style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-top-style: none; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">2600</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 0.5pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0.5pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">2700</span></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Dengan perkembangan riset dan teknologi dalam materi propulsi baru kapal telah diperkenalkan untuk baling-baling sekrup laut. Siswa dan berlatih desainer baling-baling harus mengacu pada data terbaru yang disediakan oleh berbagai klasifikasi masyarakat.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>Perhitungan Kekuatan baling</strong> - Untuk menghitung tegangan tekan, rumus Taylor berikutnya biasanya digunakan:</span><span xmlns=""><span xmlns=""></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdVAiTgDMbpVgzDnYvexK_E85-1egpoftWvBSTk_tLxDCxGz7aSUOWBdTBXB_38RayYx_5X41MK9ZweJAVNuoG5Cagw6DFuEVn3uGdu9eRi1dv7kni4SgUQ7bBfhnTwAvK6H8IXIgRT7XS/s1600-h/propeller-compressive-stress.jpg" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5345177748878657666" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdVAiTgDMbpVgzDnYvexK_E85-1egpoftWvBSTk_tLxDCxGz7aSUOWBdTBXB_38RayYx_5X41MK9ZweJAVNuoG5Cagw6DFuEVn3uGdu9eRi1dv7kni4SgUQ7bBfhnTwAvK6H8IXIgRT7XS/s400/propeller-compressive-stress.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; cursor: pointer; float: right; height: 53px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 4px; width: 161px;" /></a></div></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Kemudian, untuk menghitung tegangan tarik dari baling-baling, rumus Taylor berikutnya harus digunakan</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">S <sub>T</sub> = S <sub>C</sub> (0,666 + S <sub>4</sub> t <sub>0,2</sub> / c)</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Untuk penjelasan lebih lanjut dari aplikasi di atas formula untuk perhitungan Taylor baling kekuatan, saya sarankan Anda membaca buku TPO Brien itu,<em>The Desain Screw Baling-baling Kelautan</em> . Rumus di atas tidak dapat digunakan secara independen. Mereka harus digunakan dengan grafik yang menggambarkan Kriteria Kekuatan dari Propeller dirumuskan oleh Taylor yang diberikan pada halaman 296 dari buku tersebut.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Setelah melakukan perhitungan kekuatan, ketebalan baling-baling aman untuk pengoperasian kapal pada kecepatan yang dirancang.</span></div></div>jonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00681195336189877794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4591708346176452402.post-74676870200808039312012-01-08T06:27:00.000-08:002012-01-08T06:27:22.044-08:00sistem ballast pada kapal<div class="post-29 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-permesinan-kapal" id="post-29" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 16px; padding-right: 16px; padding-top: 9px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><h2 style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 27px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://hanudpunya.wordpress.com/2010/03/03/sistem-ballast-pada-kapal/" rel="bookmark" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(117, 171, 234); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #105cb6; text-decoration: none;" title="sistem ballast pada kapal">sistem ballast pada kapal</a></h2><div class="postinfo" style="clear: both; color: #999999; font-size: 11px;">Posted on <span class="postdate" style="color: #a12a2a;">Maret 3, 2010</span> by hanud</div><div class="entry" style="max-width: 475px; vertical-align: top;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">System ballast</div><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">Fungsi:<br />
Menjaga tinggi draft dan posisi kapal agar tetap aman<br />
System stabilitas kapal</div><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">Komponen – komponen system ballast<br />
Sea chest(inlet)<br />
Pipa cabang<br />
Pipa utama<br />
Valve dan fitting<br />
Pompa ballast<br />
Tangki ballast<br />
Over board</div><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">Letak tangki ballast<br />
Vol : 10% sd 15% vol displs kapal<br />
Letak : d/b tank, f/b tank, a/p tank</div><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">Layouts ballast lines<br />
1. Type independent (main dan branck pipes)<br />
Setiap tangkipipa cabang<br />
Pipa cabang (terhubung ke pipa utama yang terhubung ke pompa ballast)<br />
Manually open (closed ballast valve)<br />
Sistem sederhana<br />
Banyak membutuhkan pipa<br />
Rules ABS yang terbaru melerangnya</div><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">Gambar 3.8. skema type independent</div><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">2. Type ring main pipes<br />
Semua tangki terhubung pipa utama<br />
Sedikit pipa dibutuhkan<br />
Masing-masing ujung suction/discharge pipa ditangki ballast dilengkapi dengan valve<br />
Yang control system<br />
System lebih kompleks<br />
Suction/discharge terhubung langsung ke pipa ring pipe<br />
Rules ABS terbaru merekomendasikannya</div><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">Gambar 3.9. skema type ring</div><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">untuk spesifikasi dan detail ketentuan-ketentuan lainnya, tergantung pada class yang akan digunakan</div><div class="sharedaddy" style="border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; clear: both; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; zoom: 1;"></div><div class="postinfo" style="clear: both; color: #999999; font-size: 11px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">Filed under: <a href="http://hanudpunya.wordpress.com/category/permesinan-kapal/" rel="category tag" style="color: #578cca;" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam permesinan kapal">permesinan kapal</a> | <a href="http://hanudpunya.wordpress.com/2010/03/03/sistem-ballast-pada-kapal/#comments" style="color: #578cca;" title="Komentar pada sistem ballast pada kapal">2 Komentar »</a></div></div></div><div class="post-23 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-permesinan-kapal" id="post-23" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 16px; padding-right: 16px; padding-top: 9px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><h2 style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 27px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://hanudpunya.wordpress.com/2010/02/24/inert-gas-untuk-pmk/" rel="bookmark" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(117, 171, 234); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #105cb6; text-decoration: none;" title="Inert gas untuk PMK">Inert gas untuk PMK</a></h2><div class="postinfo" style="clear: both; color: #999999; font-size: 11px;">Posted on <span class="postdate" style="color: #a12a2a;">Februari 24, 2010</span> by hanud</div><div class="entry" style="max-width: 475px; vertical-align: top;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">Innert gas adalah suatu gas atau campuranhas yang dengan kadar kandungan oksigen renda atau kurang dari 8%.<br />
Innert gas system adalah suatu system yang mengelolah gas sisa pembakaran sehingga diperoleh kondisi innert (kadar oksigen kurang dari 8%).</div><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">Prinsip kerja innert gas<br />
Saat innert gas ditambahkan pada hidrokarbon, hasilnya akan didapat penurunan kosentrasi atau kadar oksigen, sehingga api dapat dipadamkan.</div><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">Prinsip kerja innert gas system.<br />
Mengisi dan mendistribusikan gas innert ke dalam tangki, menjaga agar kadar oksigen dalam keadaan rendah, melindungi tangki dari tekanan gas yang berlebihan dan mencega aliran balik dari muatan gas.</div><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">Metode mendapatkan innert gas ada 2 cara, yaitu:<br />
1. Flue gas system<br />
Flue gas system adalah system yang mendinginkan dan membersihkan gas yang didapat dari boiler, gas ini telah mengandung kadar oksigen 5%.</div><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">Komponen utama dalam system:<br />
Unit scrubber, innert gas blower, deck water seal, pressure vaccum breaker, katup, dan system control.<br />
Skema flue gas system</div><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">2. Innert gas system<br />
Innert gas system adalah didapatkan dengan cara membakar heavy fuel agar didapat flue gas dengan kadar oksigen 2 – 4 %.</div><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">Komponen utama dalam system:<br />
Unit generator, scrubber, pompa, deck water seal, pressure vaccum breaker.</div><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">Skema inert gas system</div><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">Deck water seal berfungsi mencegah aliran balik dari gas dengan bantuan fluida cair.<br />
Tipe deck water seal:<br />
1. Tipe basah (wet type)</div><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">2. Tipe semi kering (semi dry type)</div><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">3. Tipe kering (dry type)</div><div class="sharedaddy" style="border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; clear: both; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; zoom: 1;"></div><div class="postinfo" style="clear: both; color: #999999; font-size: 11px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">Filed under: <a href="http://hanudpunya.wordpress.com/category/permesinan-kapal/" rel="category tag" style="color: #578cca;" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam permesinan kapal">permesinan kapal</a> | <a href="http://hanudpunya.wordpress.com/2010/02/24/inert-gas-untuk-pmk/#respond" style="color: #578cca;" title="Komentar pada Inert gas untuk PMK">Tinggalkan sebuah Komentar »</a></div></div></div><div class="post-20 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-permesinan-kapal" id="post-20" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 16px; padding-right: 16px; padding-top: 9px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><h2 style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 27px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://hanudpunya.wordpress.com/2010/02/24/system-lubricating-oil/" rel="bookmark" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(117, 171, 234); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #105cb6; text-decoration: none;" title="System lubricating oil">System lubricating oil</a></h2><div class="postinfo" style="clear: both; color: #999999; font-size: 11px;">Posted on <span class="postdate" style="color: #a12a2a;">Februari 24, 2010</span> by hanud</div><div class="entry" style="max-width: 475px; vertical-align: top;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">System lubricating oil<br />
1. Unit lubricating system<br />
Lubricating oil system<br />
• Cooling-filtering and supplying LO to ME<br />
• Sump tank – LO pump – LO cooler – full – flow filter – engine – sump tank<br />
Lub oil purifying system<br />
• Purifying LO for recirculating<br />
• Sump tank – filter – LO pump – pre heater – purifier – sump tank<br />
2. Cylinder lub oil system<br />
Supply LO ke silinder mesin (hanya untuk mesin 2 tak)<br />
Cylinder oil tank – pump – service tank – engine</div><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">Type of lubricating system<br />
1. Wat pump<br />
Engine carter dari wadah LO<br />
Crank-shaft immersed party in LO in carter (wet)<br />
Lubricating system to engine and purifying system for LO<br />
Biasanya untuk disel berkecepatan tinggi dan daya kecil<br />
2. Dry pump<br />
Sump tank dibawah mesin induk<br />
Crank-shaft not immersed in LO in sump tank (dry)<br />
Lubricating system to engine and purifying system for LO are not in one line<br />
Biasanya untuk daya tinggi kecepatan rendah.</div><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">Komponen dari lubricating system<br />
• Sump tank<br />
• LO cooler<br />
• LO filter<br />
• Pipa LO<br />
• Lub oil pump</div><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">Komponen dari LO purying system<br />
1. Pump LO purifying : type gear or srew<br />
2. Pre-heater LO : type electric, steam, thermal oil heater<br />
3. LO purifier : type centrifuge</div><div class="sharedaddy" style="border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; clear: both; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; zoom: 1;"></div><div class="postinfo" style="clear: both; color: #999999; font-size: 11px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">Filed under: <a href="http://hanudpunya.wordpress.com/category/permesinan-kapal/" rel="category tag" style="color: #578cca;" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam permesinan kapal">permesinan kapal</a> | <a href="http://hanudpunya.wordpress.com/2010/02/24/system-lubricating-oil/#comments" style="color: #578cca;" title="Komentar pada System lubricating oil">2 Komentar »</a></div></div></div><div class="post-15 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-permesinan-kapal" id="post-15" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 16px; padding-right: 16px; padding-top: 9px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><h2 style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 27px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://hanudpunya.wordpress.com/2009/05/20/klasifikasi-motor-diesel/" rel="bookmark" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(117, 171, 234); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #105cb6; text-decoration: none;" title="KLASIFIKASI MOTOR DIESEL">KLASIFIKASI MOTOR DIESEL</a></h2><div class="postinfo" style="clear: both; color: #999999; font-size: 11px;">Posted on <span class="postdate" style="color: #a12a2a;">Mei 20, 2009</span> by hanud</div><div class="entry" style="max-width: 475px; vertical-align: top;"><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">A. Klasifikasi Motor Diesel Menurut Konstruksinya.<br />
Ada beberapa cara pengklasifikasian motor diesel yang dapat dibuat untuk mengetahui perbedaan jenis atau tipe motor diesel dan pelayanan yang sesuai dengan jenis motor diesel tertentu.<br />
Kebanyakan pengklasifikasian motor diesel yang paling lazim adalah menurut tenaga yang dihasilkan. Ada motor diesel yang kecil dengan tenaga dari 3 tk. Adapula motor diesel yang besar dengan kapasitas besar sampai menghasilkan tenaga 40.000 tk.<br />
Motor diesel juga diklasifikasikan menurut jumlah silindernya. Dengan pengklasifikasian ini terdapat motor diesel dengan jumlah silinder dari satu silinder hingga 24 silinder. Motor diesel brsilinder tunggal ( satu ) sering dipakai untuk penggerak yang kecil-kecil dan handi ( portable ) dan untuk keperluan irigasi. Untuk keperluan komersial dan angkutan digunakan motor diesel bersilinder 4,6 dan 8 silinder. Untuk keperluan industri dan penggerak kapal kapal besar (ships) digunakan diesel bersilinder yang lebih banyak missal dengan variasi jumlah silinder 12,16,20 dan 24.<br />
Cara lain dalam pengklasifikasian motor diesel adalah menurut prinsip/ proses kerjanya. Dengan pengelompokan ini dikenal dua jenis motor diesel yaitu motor diesel empat langkah dan motor desel dua langkah.<br />
Cara pengaturan silinder motor juga sering digunakan untuk mengklasifikasikan motor diesel. Yang paling popular adalah motor diesel tegak / vertical, dimana silinder motor diatur dalam satu baris silinder motor. Jenis lain adalah dimana silinder motor dibuat baris yang berseberangan bertolak belakang. Pada motor ini mungkin semua silinder motor dibuat pada satu sisi poros engkol. Dengan jumlah silinder yang sama pada masing-masing sisi dikenal motor datar bersilinder bertolak belakang ataupun motor bersilinder v.<br />
Motor diesel dengan pengaturan baris membentuk v perlu dijelaskan besarnya sudut v untuk baris silinder yang bervariasi seperti : 45, 50, 55, 60 atau 90 derajat. Sudut v bergantung kepada jumlah silinder dan disain poros engkol.<br />
Bentuk lain dari pengaturan silinder dengan baris yang berbentuk w dan x. Juga ada yang membentuk segitiga atau delta<br />
Pengklasifikasian lain dari motor diesel adalah menurut kerja piston. Dalam pengelompokan ini diklasifikasikan motor diesel piston kerja tunggal, piston kerja ganda dan piston berlawanan . Piston kerja tunggal adalah dimana satu sisi dari piston yang berhubungan dengan gas pembakaran, sedang sisi yang lain berhubungan dengan poros engkol melalui batang piston . Pada piston kerja ganda kedua sisi dari piston bekerja berhubungan dengan gas pembakaran yang menghasilkan tenaga. Kedua sisi dari silinder digunakan untuk gas pembakaran yang secara berganti-ganti kedua sisi piston menerima gas hasil pembakaran . Tekanan gas pembakaran bekerja pada langkah keatas maupun kebawah.<br />
Pada piston berlawanan yaitu dua piston pada silinder yang sama diantara kedua piston yang berlawanan itu terletak ruang pembakarannya. Masing-masing piston mempunyai batang piston dan poros engkol sendiri-sendiri.<br />
Jenis lain dari motor diesel adalah motor diesel dengan piston parallel atau sejajar satu sama lain dengan dua poros engkol yang parallel. Motor ini dibuat oleh Sulzer Bros Ltd dari Switzeland yang digunakan untuk lokomotif.<br />
Metode pengelompokan motor menurut kecepatannya. Secara pasti tidak ada batas yang tertentu untuk mengklasifikasikan motor kedalam kecepatan rendah, menengah, dan tinggi. Tetapi umumnya motor dengan kecepatan kurang dari 1000 hingga 2500 sebagai motor dengan kecepatan rendah menengah. Motor dengan kecepatan dari 2500 hingga kurang lebih 6000 ppm sebagai motor kecepatan tinggi.</div><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">B. Klasifikasi Motor Diesel Menurut Bahan Bakarnya.<br />
Ada 4 jenis bahan bakar dan dari bahan bakarnya motor itu disebut yaitu : motor bahan bakar gas, motor bahan bakar campuran (dual fuel diesel engines), motor bahan bakar ganda (bi–fuel engines) dan motor bahan bakar kombinasi (multi – fuel engines).</div><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">1 Motor diesel bahan bakar gas.<br />
Motor diesel bahan bakar gas menggunakan bahan bakar gas seperti gas natural / gas bumi ataupun gas bahan bakar hasil produksi pembuatan gas. Gas bahan bakar tersebut kemudian diinjeksikan kedalam silinder motor dan dinyalakan oleh panas hasil dari kompresi dalam silinder motor pada langkah kompresi.<br />
Sistem pengijeksian bahan bakar gas memerlukan sistem pemampatan gas atau kompressor agar bahan bakar gas dapat dimasukkan kedalam ruang pembakaran pada akhir langkah kompresi dari motor diesel tersebut. Jenis lain dari motor diesel gas adalah motor diesel yang dimampatkan adalah campuran gas dan udara dengan perbandinagn kompresinya 12 aatu 13. kemudian penyalaanya dengan busi pada akhir kompresi.<br />
Motor tersebut mirip dengan motor gas atau motor bensin. Motor jenis ini dikelompokkan dengan motor diesel karena besarnya perbandingan kompresinya. Motor diesel gas dibuat menurut proses kerja dua langkah dan proses empat langkah.</div><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">2 Motor bahan bakar campuran (dual fuel diesel engines).<br />
Motor diesel bahan bakar campuran ini memasukkan dan mengkompresi gas alam, gas buatan atau gas bahan bakar yang lain ketekanan kompresi normal motor diesel. Udara murni ditambahkan pada wakyu pemasukkan untuk mencegah kemungkinan penyalaan awal (pre ignition). Proses pembakaran terjadi setelah penginjeksian bahan bakar gas utama.<br />
Motor diesel bahan bakr campuran dibuat dengan prose kerja dua langkah dan empat langkah. Gas bahan bakar dimasukkan kedalam silinder pada saat kurang ebih akan dimulai langkah kompresi. Pemasukkan yang menyuplai 3 % sampai 5 % dari total keseluruhan panas yang ada dalam silinder. Motor bahan bakar campuran dapat dioperasikan dalam campuran yang bervariasi antara gas dan bahan bakar cair.<br />
Untuk motor diesel jenis bahan bakar campuran jenis 2 langkah, desain yang banyak digunakan motor ini memiliki klep gas yang dapat dioperasikan secara mekanik dan diatur pembukaannya hanya setelah silinder dibilas oleh udara murni dan lubang buang tertutup.<br />
Motor diesel bahan bakar campuran gas jenis 4 langkah sering menggunakan klep yang dioperasikan oleh nok untuk mengatur masuknya udara dan gas kedalam silinder. Pembukaan klep gas dilakukan hanya setelah klep buang tertutup. Klep-klep itu pengoperasianya dengan nok ataupun secara hidrolik. Untuk motor gas 4 langkah yang kecil, sering juga dipakaikan karburator dan leburator gas untuk menyuplai bahan bakar gas.</div><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">3 Motor bahan bakar ganda (bi-fuel engines).<br />
s.Kedua dengan cara bahan bakar tambahan diinjeksikan segera didepan klep pemasukan dengan menggunakan injector atau pengabut tekanan rendah.</div><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">4 Motor bahan bakar kombinasi (multi – fuel engines).<br />
Bahan bakar ini mempnyai variasi dari bahan bakar beroktan sedang hingga distilasi menengah. Pada saat ini banyak dilakukan eksperimen pengembangan motor dengan berbagai bahan bakar yang memiliki kemampuan memulai operasi atau kerja sejak memulai operasi. Motor diesel dengan bahan bakar kombinasi terutama dikembangkan untuk kepentingan militer.</div><div class="sharedaddy" style="border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; clear: both; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; zoom: 1;"></div><div class="postinfo" style="clear: both; color: #999999; font-size: 11px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">Filed under: <a href="http://hanudpunya.wordpress.com/category/permesinan-kapal/" rel="category tag" style="color: #578cca;" title="Lihat seluruh tulisan dalam permesinan kapal">permesinan kapal</a> | <a href="http://hanudpunya.wordpress.com/2009/05/20/klasifikasi-motor-diesel/#comments" style="color: #578cca;" title="Komentar pada KLASIFIKASI MOTOR DIESEL">2 Komentar »</a></div></div></div><div class="post-3 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-permesinan-kapal" id="post-3" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 16px; padding-right: 16px; padding-top: 9px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><h2 style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 27px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://hanudpunya.wordpress.com/2009/05/02/sejarah-mesin-diesel/" rel="bookmark" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(117, 171, 234); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #105cb6; text-decoration: none;" title="sejarah mesin diesel">sejarah mesin diesel</a></h2><div class="postinfo" style="clear: both; color: #999999; font-size: 11px;">Posted on <span class="postdate" style="color: #a12a2a;">Mei 2, 2009</span> by hanud</div><div class="entry" style="max-width: 475px; vertical-align: top;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;"><span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Seorang penemu / peneliti bernama street melakukan penelitiannya,. Perkembangan motor pembakaran dalam(ICE) pada tahun 1794. hasil dari perkembangan tersebut adalah motor diesel sekarang. Selanjutnya dikembangkan oleh seorang insinyur muda berkewarganegaraan perancis yang bernama<em><strong>Sadi Carnet</strong></em> pada tahun 1824.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;"><span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Idenya dijadikan dasar dalam perkmbangan motor diesel. Dia menyatakan bahwa udara murni yang dimampatkan tersebut dengan perbandingan 15:1 akan menghasilkan udara yang panas untuk menyalakan kayu kering. Udara yang digunakan untuuk pembakaran motor hendaknya dikompresikan dengan perbandingan yang besar sebelum dinyalakan. Dia juga menyatakan bahwa dinding silinder hendaknya didinginkan, karena panas dari dari pembakaran akan mempengaruhi kinerja motor.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;"><span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Pada tahun 1876 <strong><em>Dr. Nickolas Otto</em></strong> mebuat konstruksi motor pembakaran dalam 4 langkah yang menggunakan bahan bakar bensin menggunakan penyalaan api. Pada tahun 1892 seorang insinyur muda berkewarganegaraan german yang bernama <em><strong>Dr. Rudolf Diesel</strong></em> berhasil membuat motor penyalaan kompresi menggunakann bahan bakar serbuk batu bara menggunakan prinsip penyalan bahan bakar dan udara.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;"><span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Dengan perkembangan sistem pompa injeksi bahan bakar yang benar-benar dapat disebut “mini” oleh seorang penemu yang berkewarganegaraan german bernama <strong><em>Robert Bosch</em></strong>pada tahun 1927 membebaskan motor diesel dari masalah memakan tempat. Sistem injeksi pompa Robert Bosch yang ukurannya mini dari karburator, beratnya ringan dan governer yang menyatu (built-in) sehingga tidak ada lagi sistem pengabutan udara yang banyak makan tempat untuk kompresor,pipa-pipa dan pengontrol klep. Pompa injeksi motor diesel dapat diatur sesuai pembebanan, sedangkan kondisi kecepatan motor dapat atau lebih baik dari karburator motor bensin.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;"><span style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Dengan perkembangan pompa rotari yang lebih kecil penampilannya juga bobotnya yang lebih ringan yang dikembangkan oleh Vernon Rosa pada tahun 1950-an. Motor diesel akhirnya memasuki perkembangan pemakaian dan pemasaran yang lebih luas. Perkembangan lain dari motor diesel adalah dengan penambahan sebuah turbocarjer yaitu alat untuk memasukkan (memompakan) udara kedalam saluran masuk (intakemanifold). Pompa turbocarjer ini digerakkan oleh gas buang yang kedalam turbocarjer tersebut. Dengan adanya turbocarjer ini maka akan menurunkan asap gas buang. Akhirnya motor diesel seperti ini keadaanya sekarang menjadi motor yang benar-benar efisien, ringan dan bebas polusi udara.</span></span></div></div></div>jonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00681195336189877794noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4591708346176452402.post-79213241277982799412012-01-08T06:19:00.003-08:002012-01-08T06:19:42.634-08:00JANGKAR KAPAL<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;"><strong><img alt="1206578138375196762wipp Aussersihl Coat of arms 1.svg.med JANGKAR KAPAL" class="alignleft" height="107" src="http://www.clker.com/cliparts/d/7/c/b/1206578138375196762wipp_Aussersihl_-_Coat_of_arms_1.svg.med.png" style="display: inline; float: left; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="JANGKAR KAPAL" width="92" />Jangkar kapal </strong>dan perlengkapannya adalah sesuatu bagian yang komplek dari bagian-bagian mekanismenya. Kegunaan jangkar adalah, untuk membatasi gerak kapal pada waktu labuh di pelabuhan, agar kapal tetap pada kedudukannya, meskipun mendapat tekanan oleh arus laut, angin, gelombang dan sebagainya. Kecuali itu berguna untuk membantu penambatan kapal pada </span><span style="color: black;">saat diperlukan. Ditinjau dari kegunaan, maka jangkar beserta perlengkapannya harus memenuhi persyaratan sebagai berikut :</span></div><ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><li style="list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Jangkar-jangkar diatas kapal harus memenuhi persyaratan megenai berat, jumlah dan kekuatannya</span></li>
</ul><ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><li style="list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Panjang, berat dan kekuaan rantai jangkar harus cukup</span></li>
</ul><ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><li style="list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Rantai jangkar harus diikat dengan baik dan ditempatkan sedemikian rupa sehingga dapat di lepaskan dari sisi luar bak rantainya.</span></li>
</ul><ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><li style="list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Peralatan jangkar termasuk bentuknya, penempatannya dan kekuatannya harus sedemikian rupa hingga jangkar itu dengan cepat dan mudah dilayani</span></li>
</ul><ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><li style="list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Harus ada jaminan, agar pada waktu mengeluarkan rantai, dapat menahan tegangan-tegangan dan sentakan-sentakan yang timbul.</span></li>
</ul><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Berdasarkan ketentuan di atas maka setiap perlengkapannya jangkar mempunyai sifat-sifat sebagai berikut :</span></div><ol style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Letak, jumlah dan berat jangkar</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Ukuran dan panjang rantai</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Mekanismenya</li>
</ol><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong><span style="color: black;">A. JANGKAR</span></strong></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="color: black;">1.JENIS JANGKAR</span></strong><br />
<span style="color: black;">Menurut bentuknya secara garis besar dapat dibagi menjadi dua golongan :</span></div><ol style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Yang lengannya tak bergerak tetapi dilengkapi dengan tongkat</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Yang lengannya bergerak tetapi tidak dilengkapi dengan tongkat (stick)</li>
</ol><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Disamping pembagian tersebut diatas terdapat jenis-jenis lain tetapi pemakaiannya amat jarang dan untuk kebutuhan-kebutuhan tertentu dan untuk kapal khusus Misalnya :</span></div><ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><li style="list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Jangkar berlengan banyak</li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Jangkar special</li>
</ul><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black;">Kapal-kapal niaga pelayaran besar pada umumnya dilengkapi dengan jangkar-jangkar sebagai berikut :</span></span></div><ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><li style="list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> 3 (tiga) buah jangkar haluan (satu tidak dipergunakan, hanya sebagai cadangan)</li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Sebuah jangkar arus</li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Sebuah jangkar cemat</li>
</ul><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Jangkar Haluan</strong> : adalah jangkar utama yang digunakan untuk menahan kapal di dasar laut dan selalu siap terpasang pada lambung kiri dan kanan haluan kapal, jangkar haluan ini beratnya sama. Jangkar haluan cadangan merupakan jangkar yang selalu siap sebagai pengganti apabila salah satu hilang, jangkar haluan cadangan ini ditempatkan di bagian muka dekat haluan, agar selalu siap bilamana diperlukan.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Jangkar Arus</strong> : adalah jangkar ini ukurannya lebih kecil kira-kira 1/3 berat jangkar haluan. Tempatnya dibagian buritan kapal digunakan seperti halnya jangkar haluan yaitu menahan buritan kapal, supaya tidak berputar terbawa arus. Pada kapal-kapal penumpang yang berukuran besar, kadangkadang jangkar ini ditempatkan di geladak orlop (geladak pendek yang </span><span style="color: black;">terletak di bawah geladak menerus) apabila demikian halnya maka jangkar tersebut dinamakan jangkar buritan dan beratnya sama dengan angkar haluan. Oleh karena itu bila ada jangkar buritan, maka tidak perlu ada jangkar haluan cadangan.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Jangkar Cemat</strong> : adalah jangkar ini ukurannya lebih kecil, beratnya 1/6 kali jangkar haluan. Gunanya untuk memindahkan jangkar haluan apabila kapal kandas (diangkat dengan sekoci).</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="color: black;">2. GAYA YANG BEKERJA PADA JANGKAR</span></strong><br />
<span style="color: black;">Pada waktu kapal berlabuh (membuang jangkar) pada kapal bekerja gaya-gaya sebagai berikut :</span></div><ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><li style="list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Gaya tekanan angin yang ada pada batas di atas permukaan air, di sini diperhitungkan super structure dan deck house</li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Gaya tekanan air pada bagian bawah</li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Gaya energi yang ditimbulkan oleh gelombang. System gaya dalam keadaan setimbang bila jumlah gaya luar T yang terdapat pada lubang rantai jangkar C akan sama besarnya dengan gaya tarik dari jangkar A sebesar TO dengan catatan arah TO terletak di bidang horizontal. Keseimbangan tidak akan terjadi kalau rantai di titik A membentuk sudut dengan bidang horizontal.</li>
</ul><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="color: black;">3. UKURAN JANGKAR</span></strong><br />
<span style="color: black;">Seperti dijelaskan di atas berat jangkar ditentukan oleh peraturan :</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">a) Dari peraturan BKI berat jangkar dapat ditentukan dari table 24 dengan menentukannya angka petunjuk Z terlebih dahulu yang dibedakan menurut jenis kapalnya :</span></div><ol style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Kapal barang, kapal penumpang dan kapal keruk : ==> Z = 0,75 L.B.H + 0,5 (volume ruang bangunan atas dan rumahrumah geladak)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Kapal Ikan : ==> Z = 0,65 L.B.H + 0,5 (volume ruang bangunan atas dan rumahrumah geladak)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Kapal tunda : ==> Z = L.B.H + 0,5 (volume ruang bangunan atas dan rumahrumah geladak)</li>
</ol><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Dengan catatan</span></div><ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><li style="list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Bila angka petunjuk tersebut ada diantara dua harga table yang berdekatan, maka alat-alat perlengkapan tersebut ditentukan oleh harga yang terbesar.</span></li>
</ul><ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><li style="list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Untuk kapal-kapal di mana geladak lambung timbul adalah geladak kedua maka untuk H dapat diambil tinggi sampai geladak kedua tersebut.</span></li>
</ul><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"><img alt="anchor JANGKAR KAPAL" class="aligncenter" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRLo4_MnV5v1LzueE3rtnUIkXsj_D-yoo9QRNHH0yYn_kBvb9cFzk_gSFyX3zXV8oDrHV-CwZZ4BgPR0z3CJW0Z9E6m_rM9RTU7VERveXpxUX27ZKmWlAdSXJG3O3XKl3w8U4vJFocx0Y/s400/anchor.jpg" style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="JANGKAR KAPAL" width="400" /></div>jonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00681195336189877794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4591708346176452402.post-88063968407191448012012-01-08T06:05:00.000-08:002012-01-08T06:05:52.973-08:00Gambar Lowering 31-ton side shell unit into place<div id="photo" style="background-color: #fefefe; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; text-align: left; width: 640px;"><div class="photo-div" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /><img alt="foto" height="427" id="imageChecker-13260298925840" src="http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4016/4709456962_96178c3701_z.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline-block;" width="640" /></div></div><div id="meta" style="background-color: #fefefe; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; width: 562px;"><h1 class="photo-title" id="title_div4709456962" property="dc:title" style="font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Lowering 31-ton side shell unit into place</h1><div><br />
</div><div><div id="photo" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; width: 640px;"><div class="photo-div" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /><img alt="foto" height="427" id="imageChecker-13260304353410" src="http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4042/4709456656_5391c5fdc7_z.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline-block;" width="640" /></div></div><div id="meta" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 562px;"><h1 class="photo-title" id="title_div4709456656" property="dc:title" style="font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Lowering 31-ton side shell unit into place</h1><div><br />
</div><div><div id="photo" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; width: 640px;"><div class="photo-div" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /><img alt="foto" height="427" id="imageChecker-13260305399820" src="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3408/4623970585_5a2257aa90_z.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline-block;" width="640" /></div></div><div id="meta" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 562px;"><h1 class="photo-title" id="title_div4623970585" property="dc:title" style="font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Second Kwa-di Tabil ferry</h1><div><br />
</div><div><div id="photo" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; width: 640px;"><div class="photo-div" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /><img alt="foto" height="427" id="imageChecker-13260306115680" src="http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4015/4623970295_3ab5190d1c_z.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline-block;" width="640" /></div></div><div id="meta" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 562px;"><h1 class="photo-title" id="title_div4623970295" property="dc:title" style="font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Second Kwa-di Tabil ferry</h1><div><br />
</div><div><div id="photo" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; width: 640px;"><div class="photo-div" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /><img alt="foto" height="427" id="imageChecker-13260307019730" src="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3385/4624575248_26effee55d_z.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline-block;" width="640" /></div></div><div id="meta" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 562px;"><h1 class="photo-title" id="title_div4624575248" property="dc:title" style="font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Second Kwa-di Tabil ferry</h1><div class="photo-desc" id="description_div4624575248" style="line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><div id="yui_3_4_0_3_1326030692970_946" style="margin-bottom: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Constructing the underside hull on the steel jig in the main steel shop at Todd Pacific Shipyards in Seattle.</div><div id="yui_3_4_0_3_1326030692970_946" style="margin-bottom: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div id="yui_3_4_0_3_1326030692970_946" style="margin-bottom: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"></div><div id="photo" style="line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; width: 640px;"><div class="photo-div" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /><img alt="foto" height="427" id="imageChecker-13260308307840" src="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3364/4624574918_0e02070d50_z.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline-block;" width="640" /></div></div><div id="meta" style="line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 562px;"><h1 class="photo-title" id="title_div4624574918" property="dc:title" style="font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Second Kwa-di Tabil ferry</h1><div class="photo-desc" id="description_div4624574918" style="line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><div id="yui_3_4_0_3_1326030830276_1436" style="margin-bottom: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Todd Pacific Shipyards employees welding and burning on the engine foundations.</div><div id="yui_3_4_0_3_1326030830276_1436" style="margin-bottom: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div id="yui_3_4_0_3_1326030830276_1436" style="margin-bottom: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div></div></div></div></div></div><div><br />
</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>jonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00681195336189877794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4591708346176452402.post-55567512859704892322012-01-08T05:33:00.000-08:002012-01-08T05:33:47.225-08:00Curtain plate section (side of vessel),Welding side shell hull unit<div id="photo" style="background-color: #fefefe; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; text-align: left; width: 640px;"><div class="photo-div" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /><img alt="foto" height="427" id="imageChecker-13260279292500" src="http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4135/4752181033_8e816930bf_z.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline-block;" width="640" /></div></div><div id="meta" style="background-color: #fefefe; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; width: 562px;"><h1 class="photo-title" id="title_div4752181033" property="dc:title" style="font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Curtain plate section (side of vessel)</h1><div><br />
</div><div><br />
</div><div><div id="photo" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; width: 640px;"><div class="photo-div" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /><img alt="foto" height="427" id="imageChecker-13260280314530" src="http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4116/4752822638_8df082be1d_z.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline-block;" width="640" /></div></div><div id="meta" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 562px;"><h1 class="photo-title" id="title_div4752822638" property="dc:title" style="font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Welding side shell hull unit</h1><div><br />
</div><div><div id="photo" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; width: 640px;"><div class="photo-div" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /><img alt="foto" height="427" id="imageChecker-13260281658360" src="http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4098/4752180265_d25c96b63b_z.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline-block;" width="640" /></div></div><div id="meta" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 562px;"><h1 class="photo-title" id="title_div4752180265" property="dc:title" style="font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">No. 2 end and mid ship</h1><div><br />
</div><div><div id="photo" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; width: 640px;"><div class="photo-div" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /><img alt="foto" height="427" id="imageChecker-13260282577310" src="http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4081/4752179619_2ccd04f4fc_z.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline-block;" width="640" /></div></div><div id="meta" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 562px;"><h1 class="photo-title" id="title_div4752179619" property="dc:title" style="font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Installing side shell hull module</h1><div><br />
</div><div><div id="photo" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; width: 640px;"><div class="photo-div" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /><img alt="foto" height="427" id="imageChecker-13260284155760" src="http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4118/4754608881_89d178c116_z.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline-block;" width="640" /></div></div><div id="meta" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 562px;"><h1 class="photo-title" id="title_div4754608881" property="dc:title" style="font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Chetzemoka passenger deck</h1><div><br />
</div><div><div id="photo" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; width: 640px;"><div class="photo-div" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /><img alt="foto" height="427" id="imageChecker-13260284898920" src="http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4138/4754609131_506d0c04c0_z.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline-block;" width="640" /></div></div><div id="meta" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 562px;"><h1 class="photo-title" id="title_div4754609131" property="dc:title" style="font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Chetzemoka vehicle deck</h1><div><br />
</div><div><div id="photo" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; width: 640px;"><div class="photo-div" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /><img alt="foto" height="427" id="imageChecker-13260285332330" src="http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4143/4755248696_9b1f734d22_z.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline-block;" width="640" /></div></div><div id="meta" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 562px;"><h1 class="photo-title" id="title_div4755248696" property="dc:title" style="font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Chetzemoka engine room</h1></div></div><div><br />
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</div><div><div id="photo" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; width: 640px;"><div class="photo-div" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /><img alt="foto" height="427" id="imageChecker-13260285950180" src="http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4142/4772031643_bda8834ffa_z.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline-block;" width="640" /></div></div><div id="meta" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 562px;"><h1 class="photo-title" id="title_div4772031643" property="dc:title" style="font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Lifting 20-ton side shell hull module for No. 1 end</h1><div><br />
</div><div><div id="photo" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; width: 640px;"><div class="photo-div" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /><img alt="foto" height="427" id="imageChecker-13260286361020" src="http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4077/4772671122_6d4fdd44c3_z.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline-block;" width="640" /></div></div><div id="meta" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 562px;"><h1 class="photo-title" id="title_div4772671122" property="dc:title" style="font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Lifting 20-ton side shell hull module for No. 1 end</h1><div><br />
</div><div><div id="photo" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; width: 640px;"><div class="photo-div" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /><img alt="foto" height="427" id="imageChecker-13260286786050" src="http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4100/4772671618_2cfb830b5e_z.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline-block;" width="640" /></div></div><div id="meta" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 562px;"><h1 class="photo-title" id="title_div4772671618" property="dc:title" style="font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Exhaust pipe for main engines</h1><div><br />
</div><div><div id="photo" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; width: 640px;"><div class="photo-div" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /><img alt="foto" height="427" id="imageChecker-13260287085070" src="http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4093/4772032931_6bcb6c7e30_z.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline-block;" width="640" /></div></div><div id="meta" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 562px;"><h1 class="photo-title" id="title_div4772032931" property="dc:title" style="font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Controllable pitch propellers and tail shafts</h1></div></div><div><br />
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</div></div></div></div></div>jonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00681195336189877794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4591708346176452402.post-66150849306310275872012-01-08T05:01:00.001-08:002012-01-08T05:01:34.994-08:00Passenger benches installed on sun deck<div id="photo" style="background-color: #fefefe; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; text-align: left; width: 640px;"><div class="photo-div" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /><img alt="foto" height="427" id="imageChecker-13260276516740" src="http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4140/4754608253_fa2dbce7ca_z.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline-block;" width="640" /></div></div><div id="meta" style="background-color: #fefefe; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; width: 562px;"><h1 class="photo-title" id="title_div4754608253" property="dc:title" style="font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Passenger benches installed on sun deck</h1></div>jonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00681195336189877794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4591708346176452402.post-26188532966513988782012-01-08T04:59:00.001-08:002012-01-08T04:59:45.751-08:00Chetzemoka passenger deck<div id="photo" style="background-color: #fefefe; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; text-align: left; width: 640px;"><div class="photo-div" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /><img alt="foto" height="427" id="imageChecker-13260275593600" src="http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4118/4754608881_89d178c116_z.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline-block;" width="640" /></div></div><div id="meta" style="background-color: #fefefe; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; width: 562px;"><h1 class="photo-title" id="title_div4754608881" property="dc:title" style="font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Chetzemoka passenger deck</h1></div>jonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00681195336189877794noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4591708346176452402.post-76628705955042340392012-01-07T23:29:00.001-08:002012-01-07T23:29:34.496-08:00CONTROLLABLE PITCH PROPELLER (CPP)<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://syaif.files.wordpress.com/2007/01/propeller.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(57, 70, 81); border-bottom-style: dashed; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #394651; text-decoration: none;" title="propeller.jpg"><img alt="propeller.jpg" src="http://syaif.files.wordpress.com/2007/01/propeller.jpg?w=420" style="max-width: 100%;" /></a>Propulsor (alat gerak kapal) adalah alat yang dapat digunakan untuk memindahkan/menggerakkan kapal dari satu tempat ke tempat lainnya. Alat gerak kapal ini,kemudian dibedakan menjadi dua. Yaitu alat gerak mekanik dan non-mekanik. Alat gerak non-mekanik biasanya digunakan pada kapal – kapal konvensional. Sedangkan pada kapal – kapal sekarang, banyak yang menggunakan alat gerak mekanik sebagai penggeraknya.<br />
Salah satu alat gerak mekanik dalam kapal adalah propeller. Perkembangan propeler sangat pesat dan beragam. Bermula dari Archimedes yang menggunakan propeler untuk memindahkan air, hingga sekarang telah banyak jenis – jenis propeler yang lebih efektif dan efisien dalam penggunaannya.<br />
Controllable Pitch Propeler adalah merupakan salah satu perkembangan dari propeler. Controllable Pitch Propeler adalah jenis propeler yang dapat mengubah pitch atau sudut daun propelernya. Sudut daun propeler tersebut nantinya akan disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan kapal.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">II. PEMBAHASAN<br />
a. Pengertian<br />
Controllable Pitch Propeler adalah propeler yang dapat mengubah/ mengatur pitch propelernya. Pitch adalah jarak aksial yang ditempuh/diambil oleh propeler pada satu kali putaran penuh (3600). Pada prinsipnya,pengertian pitch pada propeler,jika di-analogi-kan akan sama dengan gear pada mobil.<br />
Propeler dengan sudut daun yang kecil akan menggerakkan kapal ke depan dengan jarak yang sedikit pada setiap putarannya (kapal bergerak maju dengan pelan). Propeler membutuhkan sedikit power untuk menggerakkan propeler dan mengakibatkan kecepatan putar propeler tinggi. Hal tersebut sama dengan gear (gigi) rendah pada mobil.<br />
Propeler dengan sudut daun yang besar berlaku sebaliknya. Propeler akan menggerakkan kapal dengan jarak yang besar pada setiap putarannya ( kapal bergerak maju dengan cepat). Hal tersebut membutuhkan power yang besar untuk menggerakkan propeler, dan menyebabkan kecepatan putar propeler rendah. Hal tersebut sama dengan gear (gigi) rendah pada mobil.<br />
Prinsip kerjanya menggunakan system hidrolis yaitu dengan megalirkan fluida minyak menuju suatu rumahan yang terletak pada bos baling-baling, pada rumahan tersebut terdapat rotor yang dihubungkan dengan daun baling-baling (blade), sehingga jika dialirkan fluida dalam arah maju maka minyak akan mendorong sirip pemisah pada rotor dan mendorongnya sehingga memutar daun baling-baling dengan sudut tertentu, jika arah aliran dibalik maka daun baling-baling akan berputar kearah sebaliknya.<br />
Pengoperasiannya dapat dilakukan dengan dua system yaitu system pull-push rod system dan hub piston system. Pada sistem pull-push rod digunakan batang panjang yang dihubungkan dari poros kapal menuju hub baling-baling. Sedangkan pada hub piston system, batang piston diletakkan pada hub baling-baling.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">c. Keuntungan dan Kerugian<br />
Controllable pitch propeller memiliki beberapa keuntungan dibandingkan dengan jenis propeler yang lainnya. Penggunaan CPP (dengan pengubahan pitch) akan memudahkan kita untuk mengubah putaran mesin pada pelayaran dinas yang bertujuan untuk mengurangi getaran dan noise berlebih pada mesin, seperti halnya untuk Pitch dapat diubah ubah untuk mengurangi kavitasi pada berbagai putaran mesin.<br />
Kelebihan lain dari Controllable Pitch Propeller adalah dalam hal manuver. Dengan menggunakan CPP, maka kita tidak perlu menggunakan reversing gear atau pembalik putaran. Sebagai pengganti arah putaran, blade mengartikulasikan semua putaran sampai kapal chewing di air pada lain arah. Dalam hal ini tidak ada pengertakan gigi persneling pada mesin, hanya sebuah perpindahan secara lembut dari depan kapal ke thrust buritan kapal, dengan beberapa pilihan jumlah thrust,dari dead slow sampai full ahead atau buritan kapal. Sangat mungkin untuk menggunakan mesin dengan rpm tinggi dan shallow pitch (pitch rendah). Sebagai contoh untuk menjaga station saat menggunakan power penuh pada ilmu hidrolik (mesin jangkar ataupun yang lain).<br />
Namun demikian, penggunaan Controllable Pitch Propeller hanya berlaku jika kapal dalam kondisi rpm dan beban yang sama. Pada satu kondisi rpm dan beban tetap, FPP dapat menyerap semua power yang dihasilkan oleh mesin. Namun pada tingkat rpm dan beban yang berbeda, FPP tidak lagi bisa menyerap semua power yang dihasilkan mesin. Ini dikarenakan pengaturan pitch pada FPP tidak dapat fleksibel, dalam artian FPP tidak bisa diatur pitchnya untuk menyesuaikan beban yang ada. Pitch pada FPP tidak dapat diatur lebih besar ataupun lebih kecil. Namun berbeda dengan Control Pitch Propeller (CPP), CPP dapat menyesuaikan pitchnya (pitch dapat dirubah) apabila terjadi perubahan keadaan rpm dan perubahan beban yang dipengaruhi oleh keadaan pada saat berlayar.<br />
Disamping itu, harga Controllable Pitch Propeler sangat mahal jika dibandingkan dengan Fixed Pitch Propeler (FPP). Hal tersebut yang selama ini menjadi pertimbangan para owner kapal. . Sebagian besar dari mereka berfikir bahwa biaya perbaikan instalasi akan lebih murah dari biaya pembelian. Namun hal tersebut bukanlah yang bisa dibenarkan sepenuhnya. Karena dengan keuntungan – keuntungan yang dapat diperoleh selama menggunakan Controllable Pitch Propeler, maka biaya pemasangan awal yang mahal dapat ditutupi.<br />
Kesimpulannya, penggunaan Control Pitch Propeller (CPP) adalah lebih baik dibanding penggunaan Fixed Pitch Propeller (FPP). Dengan suatu CPP, kita dapat menentukan pitch untuk menyesuaikan dengan berbagai macam kondisi saat pelayaran. Bukan suatu hal yang sulit untuk memilih dan mengatur pitch jika kita menggunakan CPP.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">Controllable Pitch Propeller</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">b. Aplikasi<br />
Controllable Pitch Propeler sering digunakan pada beberapa kapal – kapal sailing vessels, motor boat, dan pada power boat atau kapal pelayaran jarak jauh. Selain itu, juga sering digunakan pada kapal ferry, trawler, tugboat, dan kapal ikan.<br />
Penggunaan Control Pitch Propeller (CPP) pada kapal sailing vessels ataupun motor boat, akan membantu untuk mengakomodasikannya secara luas dengan berbagai jenis mesin yang disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan. Apakah saat layar terpasang ataupun tidak, apakah saat berombak atau tidak, ataupun saat simply powering.<br />
Keuntungan terbesar adalah bahwa banyak unit Control Pitch akan memperbolehkan untuk memutar propeler secara penuh, dengan tujuan untuk mengeliminasi drag dari propeller.<br />
Sedangkan pada kapal pelayaran jarak jauh (Long Range Cruiser), kapal membawa beban bahan bakar yang cukup besar , seringkali berjumlah sekitar 15 % dari beban kapal keseluruhan atau lebih banyak jika jarak yang ditempuh kapal lebih jauh. Dengan variabel beban yang tinggi seperti itu jika dicoba digunakan Control Pitch Propeller (CPP), maka pitch pada system propulsor dapat diatur dan dibuat lebih besar (pitchnya) dari sebelumnya sehingga beban kapal akan menjadi lebih ringan dan dibuat lebih baik karena tidak perlu lagi mengubah rpm mesin.<br />
Meskipun benar bahwa pemakaian Fixed Pitch Propeller ( FPP) lebih efisien dibanding Control Pitch Propeller (CPP) ,namun hal tersebut hanya dapat dibandingkan jika kapal dalam kondisi rpm dan beban yang sama. Pada satu kondisi rpm dan beban tetap, FPP dapat menyerap semua power yang dihasilkan oleh mesin. Namun pada tingkat rpm dan beban yang berbeda, FPP tidak lagi bisa menyerap semua power yang dihasilkan mesin. Ini dikarenakan pengaturan pitch pada FPP tidak dapat fleksibel, dalam artian FPP tidak bisa diatur pitchnya untuk menyesuaikan beban yang ada. Pitch pada FPP tidak dapat diatur lebih besar ataupun lebih kecil. Namun berbeda dengan Control Pitch Propeller (CPP), CPP dapat menyesuaikan pitchnya (pitch dapat dirubah) apabila terjadi perubahan keadaan rpm dan perubahan beban yang dipengaruhi oleh keadaan pada saat berlayar.<br />
Suatu Control Pitch Propeller (CPP) dapat efisien pada cakupan rpm dan beban yang luas , karena pitch disini dapat diatur besarnya. Penyesuaian pitch ini berfungsi agar propeller dapat menyerap semua power yang dihasilkan mesin, saat terjadi perubahan rpm pada waktu berlayar.<br />
Bahkan, dalam perencanaan power vessel, seseorang dapat menggunakan CPP untuk memperoleh picth yang kecil dengan rpm yang lebih tinggi untuk berlayar, dan pitch yang lebih besar dengan mengurangi putaran mesin untuk mempercepat kecepatan kapal. Jika kapal menggunakan dua mesin, dan kecepatan diharapkan lebih rendah, maka salah satu dari mesin dapat tidan difungsikan, dan propellernya diputar secara penuh untuk mengatasi drag dari propeller yang berhenti.</div>jonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00681195336189877794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4591708346176452402.post-67616684679531762672012-01-07T18:57:00.001-08:002012-01-07T18:57:03.378-08:00Timah<div id="contentSub" style="background-color: white; color: #7d7d7d; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; width: auto;"><div class="flaggedrevs_short plainlinks noprint" id="mw-fr-revisiontag" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; float: right; font-size: 10px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-top: 2px; position: absolute; right: 80px; top: -3em; z-index: 1;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /><img alt="Perubahan tertunda ditampilkan di halaman ini" class="flaggedrevs-icon" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/w/extensions-1.18/FlaggedRevs/presentation/modules/img/1.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 0.2em; margin-right: 0.2em; vertical-align: middle;" title="Perubahan tertunda ditampilkan di halaman ini" /><b><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantuan:Validasi_halaman" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Bantuan:Validasi halaman">Belum Diperiksa</a></b></div></div><div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" lang="id" style="background-color: white; direction: ltr; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><table align="right" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 0.5em;"><tbody>
<tr><td colspan="2"><table align="center" border="0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 13px;"><tbody>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indium">indium</a> – <b>timah</b> – <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antimoni&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Antimoni (halaman belum tersedia)">antimoni</a></td></tr>
<tr><td rowspan="3" valign="center"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Germanium">Ge</a><br style="clear: both;" /><b>Sn</b><br style="clear: both;" /><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lead">Pb</a> <br style="clear: both;" /> <br style="clear: both;" /> </td></tr>
<tr><td align="center"><a class="image" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Sn-TableImage.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;"><img alt="Sn-TableImage.png" height="66" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sn-TableImage.png/220px-Sn-TableImage.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div align="right"><small><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabel_Periodik" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tabel Periodik">Tabel penuh</a></small></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table></td></tr>
<tr><th align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" colspan="2"><b>Umum</b></th></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_unsur_menurut_nama" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Daftar unsur menurut nama">Nama</a>, <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daftar_unsur_menurut_simbol&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Daftar unsur menurut simbol (halaman belum tersedia)">Simbol</a>, <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daftar_unsur_menurut_nomor&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Daftar unsur menurut nomor (halaman belum tersedia)">Nomor</a></td><td>timah, Sn, 50</td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seri_kimia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Seri kimia">Seri kimia</a></td><td><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam_miskin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Logam miskin">logam miskin</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_tabel_periodik&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Kelompok tabel periodik (halaman belum tersedia)">Kelompok</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periode_tabel_periodik" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Periode tabel periodik">Periode</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blok_tabel_periodik" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Blok tabel periodik">Blok</a></td><td><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kelompok_14&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Unsur kelompok 14 (halaman belum tersedia)">14 (IVA)</a>, <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unsur_periode_5&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Unsur periode 5 (halaman belum tersedia)">5</a>, <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blok-p&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Blok-p (halaman belum tersedia)">p</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densitas" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Densitas">Densitas</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skala_kekerasan_Mohs" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Skala kekerasan Mohs">Kekerasan</a></td><td>7310 <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kilogram_per_meter_kubik&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Kilogram per meter kubik (halaman belum tersedia)">kg/m<sup style="line-height: 1em;">3</sup></a>, 1.5</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warna" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Warna">Penampakan</a></td><td align="center">abu-abu keperakan mengkilap<br style="clear: both;" /><a class="image" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Sn,50.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Sn,50.jpg" height="67" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Sn%2C50.jpg/125px-Sn%2C50.jpg" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="125" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><th align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" colspan="2"><b>Properti Atomik</b></th></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobot_atom" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bobot atom">Bobot atom</a></td><td>118.710 <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satuan_masa_atomik&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Satuan masa atomik (halaman belum tersedia)">sma</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jari-jari_atom" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jari-jari atom">Jari-jari atom</a></td><td>145 (145) <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikometer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pikometer">pm</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jari-jari_kovalen&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Jari-jari kovalen (halaman belum tersedia)">Jari-jari kovalen</a></td><td>141 pm</td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jari-jari_van_der_Waals&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Jari-jari van der Waals (halaman belum tersedia)">Jari-jari van der Waals</a></td><td>217 pm</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfigurasi_elektron" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Konfigurasi elektron">Konfigurasi elektron</a></td><td>[<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krypton" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Krypton">Kr</a>]4<a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D-orbital&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="D-orbital (halaman belum tersedia)">d</a><sup style="line-height: 1em;">10</sup> 5<a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S-orbital&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="S-orbital (halaman belum tersedia)">s</a><sup style="line-height: 1em;">2</sup> 5p<sup style="line-height: 1em;">2</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Elektron">Elektron</a> per <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tingkat_energi&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Tingkat energi (halaman belum tersedia)">tingkat energi</a></td><td>2, 8, 18, 18, 4</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilangan_oksidasi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bilangan oksidasi">Bilangan oksidasi</a> (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksida" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oksida">Oksida</a>)</td><td><b>4</b>,2 (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfoter" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amfoter">amfoter</a>)</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struktur_kristal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Struktur kristal">Struktur kristal</a></td><td>Tetragonal</td></tr>
<tr><th align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" colspan="2"><b>Ciri-Ciri Fisik</b></th></tr>
<tr><td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keadaan_benda" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Keadaan benda">Keadaan benda</a></td><td>Padat</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titik_lebur" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Titik lebur">Titik lebur</a></td><td>505.08 <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kelvin">K</a> (449.47 °<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fahrenheit">F</a>)</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titik_didih" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Titik didih">Titik didih</a></td><td>2875 K (4716 °F)</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_molar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Volume molar">Volume molar</a></td><td>16.29 <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notasi_ilmiah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Notasi ilmiah">×</a>10<sup style="line-height: 1em;">-6</sup> <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meter_kubik_per_mol&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Meter kubik per mol (halaman belum tersedia)">m<sup style="line-height: 1em;">3</sup>/mol</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalor_penguapan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kalor penguapan">Kalor penguapan</a></td><td>295.8 <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kilojoule_per_mol&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Kilojoule per mol (halaman belum tersedia)">kJ/mol</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalor_peleburan&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Kalor peleburan (halaman belum tersedia)">Kalor peleburan</a></td><td>7.029 kJ/mol</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekanan_uap" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tekanan uap">Tekanan uap</a></td><td>5.78 <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notasi_ilmiah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Notasi ilmiah">E</a>-21 <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pascal">Pa</a> at 505 K</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecepatan_suara" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kecepatan suara">Kecepatan suara</a></td><td>2500 <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter_per_detik" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Meter per detik">m/s</a> pada 293.15 K</td></tr>
<tr><th align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" colspan="2"><b>Lain-lain</b></th></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronegativitas" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Elektronegativitas">Elektronegativitas</a></td><td>1.96 (<a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skala_Pauling&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Skala Pauling (halaman belum tersedia)">Skala Pauling</a>)</td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kapasitas_kalor_spesifik&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Kapasitas kalor spesifik (halaman belum tersedia)">Kapasitas kalor spesifik</a></td><td>228 <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joule_per_kilogram-kelvin&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Joule per kilogram-kelvin (halaman belum tersedia)">J/(kg*K)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konduktivitas_listrik" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Konduktivitas listrik">Konduktivitas listrik</a></td><td>9.17 10<sup style="line-height: 1em;">6</sup>/(m·<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ohm">ohm</a>)</td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konduktivitas_kalor&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Konduktivitas kalor (halaman belum tersedia)">Konduktivitas kalor</a></td><td>66.6 <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Watt_per_meter-kelvin&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Watt per meter-kelvin (halaman belum tersedia)">W/(m*K)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Potensial_ionisasi&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Potensial ionisasi (halaman belum tersedia)">potensial ionisasi</a> pertama</td><td>708.6 kJ/mol</td></tr>
<tr><td>potensial ionisasi ke-2</td><td>1411.8 kJ/mol</td></tr>
<tr><td>potensial ionisasi ke-3</td><td>2943.0 kJ/mol</td></tr>
<tr><td>potensial ionisasi ke-4</td><td>3930.3 kJ/mol</td></tr>
<tr><td>potensial ionisasi ke-5</td><td>7456 kJ/mol</td></tr>
<tr><th align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" colspan="2"><b>Isotop paling stabil</b></th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"><table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 13px;"><tbody>
<tr><th><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotop" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Isotop">iso</a></th><th><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natural_abundance&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Natural abundance (halaman belum tersedia)">NA</a></th><th><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waktu-paruh" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Waktu-paruh">waktu-paruh</a></th><th><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decay_mode&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Decay mode (halaman belum tersedia)">DM</a></th><th><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decay_energy&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Decay energy (halaman belum tersedia)">DE</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mega">M</a><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_volt" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Electron volt">eV</a></th><th><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decay_product&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Decay product (halaman belum tersedia)">DP</a></th></tr>
<tr><td><sup style="line-height: 1em;">112</sup>Sn</td><td>0.97%</td><td colspan="4">Sn <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotop_stabil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Isotop stabil">stabil</a> dengan 62 <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Neutron">neutron</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><sup style="line-height: 1em;">114</sup>Sn</td><td>0.65%</td><td colspan="4">Sn stabil dengan 64 neutron</td></tr>
<tr><td><sup style="line-height: 1em;">115</sup>Sn</td><td>0.34%</td><td colspan="4">Sn stabil dengan 65 neutron</td></tr>
<tr><td><sup style="line-height: 1em;">116</sup>Sn</td><td>14.54%</td><td colspan="4">Sn stabil dengan 66 neutron</td></tr>
<tr><td><sup style="line-height: 1em;">117</sup>Sn</td><td>7.68%</td><td colspan="4">Sn stabil dengan 67 neutron</td></tr>
<tr><td><sup style="line-height: 1em;">118</sup>Sn</td><td>24.23%</td><td colspan="4">Sn stabil dengan 68 neutron</td></tr>
<tr><td><sup style="line-height: 1em;">119</sup>Sn</td><td>8.59%</td><td colspan="4">Sn stabil dengan 69 neutron</td></tr>
<tr><td><sup style="line-height: 1em;">120</sup>Sn</td><td><b>32.59%</b></td><td colspan="4">Sn stabil dengan 70 neutron</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2">wujud meta 0.006 MeV</td><td>55 <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahun" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tahun">tahun</a></td><td><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transisi_isometrik&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Transisi isometrik (halaman belum tersedia)">IT</a><br style="clear: both;" /><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emisi_beta&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Emisi beta (halaman belum tersedia)">Beta<sup style="line-height: 1em;">-</sup></a></td><td>0.006<br style="clear: both;" />0.394</td><td><br style="clear: both;" /><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antimoni&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Antimoni (halaman belum tersedia)"><sup style="line-height: 1em;">121</sup>Sb</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><sup style="line-height: 1em;">122</sup>Sn</td><td>4.63%</td><td colspan="4">Sn stabil dengan 72 neutron</td></tr>
<tr><td><sup style="line-height: 1em;">124</sup>Sn</td><td>5.79%</td><td colspan="4">Sn stabil dengan 74 neutron</td></tr>
<tr><td><sup style="line-height: 1em;">126</sup>Sn</td><td><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radioisotop_sintetis&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Radioisotop sintetis (halaman belum tersedia)">{syn.}</a></td><td>~1 E5 y</td><td><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emisi_beta&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Emisi beta (halaman belum tersedia)">Beta<sup style="line-height: 1em;">-</sup></a></td><td>0.380</td><td><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antimoni&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Antimoni (halaman belum tersedia)"><sup style="line-height: 1em;">126</sup>Sb</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table></td></tr>
<tr><th align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" colspan="2"><span>Satuan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="SI">SI</a> & <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhu_dan_tekanan_standar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Suhu dan tekanan standar">STP</a> digunakan kecuali tertera yang lain.</span></th></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><b>Timah</b> adalah sebuah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_kimia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Unsur kimia">unsur kimia</a> dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabel_periodik" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tabel periodik">tabel periodik</a> yang memiliki simbol <b>Sn</b> (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Latin">bahasa Latin</a>: <i>stannum</i>) dan<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomor_atom" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nomor atom">nomor atom</a> 50. Unsur ini merupakan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam_miskin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Logam miskin">logam miskin</a> keperakan, dapat ditempa ("malleable"), tidak mudah<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksidasi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oksidasi">teroksidasi</a> dalam udara sehingga tahan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Karat">karat</a>, ditemukan dalam banyak <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aloy">aloy</a>, dan digunakan untuk melapisi logam lainnya untuk mencegah karat. Timah diperoleh terutama dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mineral">mineral</a> <i><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cassiterite&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Cassiterite (halaman belum tersedia)">cassiterite</a></i> yang terbentuk sebagai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksida" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oksida">oksida</a>.</div><table class="toc" id="toc" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f9f9f9; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;">Daftar isi</h2> <span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 11px;"> [<a class="internal" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timah#" id="togglelink" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">sembunyikan</a>] </span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timah#Catatan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Catatan</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timah#Referensi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Referensi</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timah#Pranla_luar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Pranla luar</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timah#Lihat_pula" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Lihat pula</span></a></li>
</ul></td></tr>
</tbody></table><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timah&action=edit&section=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Catatan">Catatan</span></h2><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Jumlah kecil timah dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makanan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Makanan">makanan</a> kaleng tidak berbahaya bagi manusia. Senyawa timah tri<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Alkil">alkil</a> dan tri<a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aril&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Aril (halaman belum tersedia)">aril</a>berbahaya bagi <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhluk_hidup" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Makhluk hidup">makhluk hidup</a> dan harus ditangani secara hati-hati. Timah juga digunakan dalam pembuatan grenjeng rokok (timah putih), pada longsongan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peluru" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Peluru">peluru</a> (timah hitam).</div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timah&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Referensi">Referensi</span></h2><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/50.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Laboratorium nasional di Los Alamos – Timah</a></li>
</ul><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timah&action=edit&section=3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Pranla luar">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Pranla_luar">Pranla luar</span></h2><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Sn/index.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">WebElements.com – Tin</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Sn.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">EnvironmentalChemistry.com – Tin</a></li>
</ul><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timah&action=edit&section=4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</span></h2><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konsil_Timah_Internasional&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Konsil Timah Internasional (halaman belum tersedia)">Konsil Timah Internasional</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timah_(perusahaan)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Timah (perusahaan)">Timah (perusahaan)</a></li>
</ul><div style="clear: both;"></div><table class="navbox collapsible autocollapse" id="collapsibleTable0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #fdfdfd; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; clear: both; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: auto; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; text-align: center; width: 1031px;"><tbody>
<tr><th colspan="32" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ccccff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;"><span class="collapseButton" style="float: right; font-weight: normal; text-align: right; width: 6em;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timah" id="collapseButton0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">sembunyikan</a>]</span><span style="float: left; margin-left: 2px; text-align: left; width: 6em;"> <span class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templat:Tabel_periodik_unsur_kimia" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Templat:Tabel periodik unsur kimia"><span title="Lihat templat ini">l</span></a> <span style="font-size: 7px;">•</span> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Tabel_periodik_unsur_kimia" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Tabel periodik unsur kimia"><span title="Bicarakan templat ini">b</span></a> <span style="font-size: 7px;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_unsur_kimia&action=edit" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><span title="Sunting templat ini">s</span></a></span> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabel_periodik" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tabel periodik">Tabel periodik</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_kimia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Unsur kimia">unsur kimia</a></th></tr>
<tr><td style="background-color: limegreen;" width="3.125%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hidrogen">H</a></td><td colspan="30" width="3.125%"> </td><td style="background-color: lightskyblue;" width="3.125%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Helium">He</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-color: orangered;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Litium">Li</a></td><td style="background-color: darkorange;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berilium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Berilium">Be</a></td><td colspan="24"> </td><td style="background-color: peru;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Boron">B</a></td><td style="background-color: limegreen;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Karbon">C</a></td><td style="background-color: limegreen;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nitrogen">N</a></td><td style="background-color: limegreen;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksigen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oksigen">O</a></td><td style="background-color: khaki;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fluor">F</a></td><td style="background-color: lightskyblue;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Neon">Ne</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-color: orangered;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Natrium">Na</a></td><td style="background-color: darkorange;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Magnesium">Mg</a></td><td colspan="24"> </td><td style="background-color: darkgrey;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aluminium">Al</a></td><td style="background-color: peru;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silikon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Silikon">Si</a></td><td style="background-color: limegreen;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fosforus">P</a></td><td style="background-color: limegreen;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belerang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Belerang">S</a></td><td style="background-color: khaki;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Klor">Cl</a></td><td style="background-color: lightskyblue;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Argon">Ar</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-color: orangered;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kalium">K</a></td><td style="background-color: darkorange;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kalsium">Ca</a></td><td colspan="14"> </td><td style="background-color: lightcoral;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Skandium">Sc</a></td><td style="background-color: lightcoral;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Titanium">Ti</a></td><td style="background-color: lightcoral;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vanadium">V</a></td><td style="background-color: lightcoral;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kromium">Cr</a></td><td style="background-color: lightcoral;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mangan">Mn</a></td><td style="background-color: lightcoral;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Besi">Fe</a></td><td style="background-color: lightcoral;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalt" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kobalt">Co</a></td><td style="background-color: lightcoral;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nikel">Ni</a></td><td style="background-color: lightcoral;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembaga" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tembaga">Cu</a></td><td style="background-color: lightcoral;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seng" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Seng">Zn</a></td><td style="background-color: darkgrey;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Galium">Ga</a></td><td style="background-color: peru;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Germanium">Ge</a></td><td style="background-color: peru;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arsen">As</a></td><td style="background-color: limegreen;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Selenium">Se</a></td><td style="background-color: khaki;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brom" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Brom">Br</a></td><td style="background-color: lightskyblue;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kripton" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kripton">Kr</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-color: orangered;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubidium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rubidium">Rb</a></td><td style="background-color: darkorange;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stronsium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stronsium">Sr</a></td><td colspan="14"> </td><td style="background-color: lightcoral;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itrium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Itrium">Y</a></td><td style="background-color: lightcoral;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkonium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Zirkonium">Zr</a></td><td style="background-color: lightcoral;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Niobium">Nb</a></td><td style="background-color: lightcoral;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdenum" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Molibdenum">Mo</a></td><td style="background-color: lightcoral;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknesium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teknesium">Tc</a></td><td style="background-color: lightcoral;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rutenium">Ru</a></td><td style="background-color: lightcoral;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rodium">Rh</a></td><td style="background-color: lightcoral;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Paladium">Pd</a></td><td style="background-color: lightcoral;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Perak">Ag</a></td><td style="background-color: lightcoral;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kadmium">Cd</a></td><td style="background-color: darkgrey;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indium">In</a></td><td style="background-color: darkgrey;"><strong class="selflink">Sn</strong></td><td style="background-color: peru;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Antimon">Sb</a></td><td style="background-color: peru;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telurium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Telurium">Te</a></td><td style="background-color: khaki;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yodium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Yodium">I</a></td><td style="background-color: lightskyblue;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Xenon">Xe</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-color: orangered;" width="3.125%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sesium">Cs</a></td><td style="background-color: darkorange;" width="3.125%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Barium">Ba</a></td><td style="background-color: plum;" width="3.125%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantanum" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lantanum">La</a></td><td style="background-color: plum;" width="3.125%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Serium">Ce</a></td><td style="background-color: plum;" width="3.125%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praseodimium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Praseodimium">Pr</a></td><td style="background-color: plum;" width="3.125%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodimium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Neodimium">Nd</a></td><td style="background-color: plum;" width="3.125%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prometium">Pm</a></td><td style="background-color: plum;" width="3.125%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Samarium">Sm</a></td><td style="background-color: plum;" width="3.125%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Europium">Eu</a></td><td style="background-color: plum;" width="3.125%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadolinium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a></td><td style="background-color: plum;" width="3.125%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terbium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Terbium">Tb</a></td><td style="background-color: plum;" width="3.125%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disprosium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Disprosium">Dy</a></td><td style="background-color: plum;" width="3.125%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Holmium">Ho</a></td><td style="background-color: plum;" width="3.125%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Erbium">Er</a></td><td style="background-color: plum;" width="3.125%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tulium">Tm</a></td><td style="background-color: plum;" width="3.125%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterbium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Iterbium">Yb</a></td><td style="background-color: plum;" width="3.125%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutesium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lutesium">Lu</a></td><td style="background-color: lightcoral;" width="3.125%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hafnium">Hf</a></td><td style="background-color: lightcoral;" width="3.125%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalum" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tantalum">Ta</a></td><td style="background-color: lightcoral;" width="3.125%"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tungsten">W</a></td><td style="background-color: lightcoral;" width="3.125%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Renium">Re</a></td><td style="background-color: lightcoral;" width="3.125%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Osmium">Os</a></td><td style="background-color: lightcoral;" width="3.125%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Iridium">Ir</a></td><td style="background-color: lightcoral;" width="3.125%"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Platinum">Pt</a></td><td style="background-color: lightcoral;" width="3.125%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emas" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Emas">Au</a></td><td style="background-color: lightcoral;" width="3.125%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raksa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Raksa">Hg</a></td><td style="background-color: darkgrey;" width="3.125%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Talium">Tl</a></td><td style="background-color: darkgrey;" width="3.125%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Timbal">Pb</a></td><td style="background-color: darkgrey;" width="3.125%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismut" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bismut">Bi</a></td><td style="background-color: peru;" width="3.125%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Polonium">Po</a></td><td style="background-color: khaki;" width="3.125%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astatin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Astatin">At</a></td><td style="background-color: lightskyblue;" width="3.125%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Radon">Rn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-color: orangered;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fransium">Fr</a></td><td style="background-color: darkorange;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Radium">Ra</a></td><td style="background-color: orchid;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktinium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aktinium">Ac</a></td><td style="background-color: orchid;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Torium">Th</a></td><td style="background-color: orchid;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protaktinium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Protaktinium">Pa</a></td><td style="background-color: orchid;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Uranium">U</a></td><td style="background-color: orchid;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptunium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Neptunium">Np</a></td><td style="background-color: orchid;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Plutonium">Pu</a></td><td style="background-color: orchid;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerisium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amerisium">Am</a></td><td style="background-color: orchid;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kurium">Cm</a></td><td style="background-color: orchid;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Berkelium">Bk</a></td><td style="background-color: orchid;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kalifornium">Cf</a></td><td style="background-color: orchid;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Einsteinium">Es</a></td><td style="background-color: orchid;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fermium">Fm</a></td><td style="background-color: orchid;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelevium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mendelevium">Md</a></td><td style="background-color: orchid;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nobelium">No</a></td><td style="background-color: orchid;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrensium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lawrensium">Lr</a></td><td style="background-color: lightcoral;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherfordium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a></td><td style="background-color: lightcoral;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubnium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dubnium">Db</a></td><td style="background-color: lightcoral;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaborgium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a></td><td style="background-color: lightcoral;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohrium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bohrium">Bh</a></td><td style="background-color: lightcoral;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hasium">Hs</a></td><td style="background-color: #e8e8e8;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitnerium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a></td><td style="background-color: #e8e8e8;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadtium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a></td><td style="background-color: #e8e8e8;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgenium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a></td><td style="background-color: lightcoral;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopernisium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kopernisium">Cn</a></td><td style="background-color: #e8e8e8;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununtrium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ununtrium">Uut</a></td><td style="background-color: #e8e8e8;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununquadium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ununquadium">Uuq</a></td><td style="background-color: #e8e8e8;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununpentium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ununpentium">Uup</a></td><td style="background-color: #e8e8e8;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununheksium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ununheksium">Uuh</a></td><td style="background-color: #e8e8e8;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununseptium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ununseptium">Uus</a></td><td style="background-color: #e8e8e8;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununoktium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ununoktium">Uuo</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> </td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="32"><table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="1" rules="all" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: smaller; width: 1024px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="background-color: orangered;" width="8%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam_alkali" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Logam alkali">Alkali</a></td><td style="background-color: darkorange;" width="8%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Logam alkali tanah">Alkali tanah</a></td><td style="background-color: plum;" width="8%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantanida" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lantanida">Lantanida</a></td><td style="background-color: orchid;" width="8%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktinida" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aktinida">Aktinida</a></td><td style="background-color: lightcoral;" width="8%"><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Logam_transisi&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Logam transisi (halaman belum tersedia)">Logam transisi</a></td><td style="background-color: darkgrey;" width="8%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam_miskin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Logam miskin">Logam Paca-Transisi</a></td><td style="background-color: peru;" width="8%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaloid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Metaloid">Metaloid</a></td><td style="background-color: limegreen;" width="8%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlogam" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nonlogam">Nonlogam</a> lainnya</td><td style="background-color: khaki;" width="8%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Halogen">Halogen</a></td><td style="background-color: lightskyblue;" width="8%"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_mulia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gas mulia">Gas mulia</a></td><td style="background-color: #e8e8e8;" width="12%">Belum diketahui sifat kimianya</td></tr>
</tbody></table></td></tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="catlinks" id="catlinks" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: white; background-image: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-width: 1px !important; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-width: 1px !important; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-width: 1px !important; clear: both; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 2px; text-align: left;"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul style="display: inline; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.35em; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.7em; padding-top: 0px; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:Unsur_kimia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kategori:Unsur kimia">Unsur kimia</a></li>
<li style="border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.35em; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0.7em; padding-right: 0.7em; padding-top: 0px; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:Logam_miskin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kategori:Logam miskin">Logam miskin</a></li>
</ul></div></div>jonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00681195336189877794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4591708346176452402.post-38179009025033743732012-01-07T18:54:00.001-08:002012-01-07T18:54:03.519-08:00Lampu uap natrium<div id="contentSub" style="background-color: white; color: #7d7d7d; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; width: auto;"><div class="flaggedrevs_short plainlinks noprint" id="mw-fr-revisiontag" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; float: right; font-size: 10px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-top: 2px; position: absolute; right: 80px; top: -3em; z-index: 1;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /><img alt="Perubahan tertunda ditampilkan di halaman ini" class="flaggedrevs-icon" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/w/extensions-1.18/FlaggedRevs/presentation/modules/img/1.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 0.2em; margin-right: 0.2em; vertical-align: middle;" title="Perubahan tertunda ditampilkan di halaman ini" /><b><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantuan:Validasi_halaman" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Bantuan:Validasi halaman">Belum Diperiksa</a></b></div></div><div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" lang="id" style="background-color: white; direction: ltr; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 252px;"><a class="image" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Na-light.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="188" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Na-light.jpg/250px-Na-light.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Na-light.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Perbesar"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: white; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Lampu natrium oksida tekanan rendah pada daya penuh</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 182px;"><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Pengunggahan&wpDestFile=Na-lamp-2.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Berkas:Na-lamp-2.jpg">Berkas:Na-lamp-2.jpg</a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;">Foto jarak dekat</div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><b>Lampu uap natrium</b> adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_lucutan_gas" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lampu lucutan gas">lampu lucutan gas</a> yang menggunakan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Natrium">natrium</a> dalam keadaan terusik untuk menghasilkan cahaya. Ada dua jenis dari lampu ini: <i>tekanan rendah</i> dan <i>tekanan tinggi</i>.</div><table class="toc" id="toc" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f9f9f9; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;">Daftar isi</h2> <span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 11px;"> [<a class="internal" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_uap_natrium#" id="togglelink" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">sembunyikan</a>] </span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_uap_natrium#Natrium_tekanan_rendah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Natrium tekanan rendah</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_uap_natrium#Natrium_tekanan_tinggi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Natrium tekanan tinggi</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_uap_natrium#Pertimbangan_polusi_cahaya" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Pertimbangan polusi cahaya</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_uap_natrium#Referensi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Referensi</span></a></li>
</ul></td></tr>
</tbody></table><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lampu_uap_natrium&action=edit&section=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Natrium tekanan rendah">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Natrium_tekanan_rendah">Natrium tekanan rendah</span></h2><div class="thumb tleft" style="background-color: transparent; clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1.4em; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 252px;"><a class="image" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Low-pressure_sodium_lamp_700-350nm.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="14" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Low-pressure_sodium_lamp_700-350nm.jpg/250px-Low-pressure_sodium_lamp_700-350nm.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Low-pressure_sodium_lamp_700-350nm.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Perbesar"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: white; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spektrum_cahaya&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Spektrum cahaya (halaman belum tersedia)">Spektrum cahaya</a> dari lampu natrium tekanan rendah. Pita oranye di sebelah kiri adalah pancaran atomik jalur-D natrium, membentuk kira-kira 90% dari pancaran bahaya lampu jenis ini</div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Lampu natrium tekanan rendah (LPS), juga dikenal sebagai lampu natrium oksida (SOX), terdiri dari pelindung hampa luar dari gelas yang dilapisi dengan lapisan pemantul inframerah dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indium">indium</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Timah">timah</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksida" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oksida">oksida</a>, sebuah bahan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semikonduktor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Semikonduktor">semikonduktor</a> yang memungkinkan cahaya tampak untuk lewat dan memantulkan kembali <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inframerah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Inframerah">inframerah</a>, menjaganya agar tidak lolos. Lampu mempunyai pipa-U <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borosilikat&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Borosilikat (halaman belum tersedia)">borosilikat</a> bagian dalam yang berisi natrium padat serta sedikit gas <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Neon">neon</a>dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Argon">argon</a> (<a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campuran_Penning&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Campuran Penning (halaman belum tersedia)">campuran Penning</a>) untuk memulai lucutan gas, jadi ketika lampu dihidupkan, lampu ini memancarkan cahaya merah kabur untuk memanaskan logam natrium dan dalam beberapa menit berubah menjadi oranye terang setelah logam natrium menguap.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Lampu ini menghasilkan cahaya hampir <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monokromatik&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Monokromatik (halaman belum tersedia)">monokromatik</a> pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjang_gelombang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Panjang gelombang">panjang gelombang</a> 589.3 <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nanometer">nm</a> (sebenarnya dua panjang gelombang pada 589.0 dan 589.6 nm). Sebagai hasilnya, warna dari benda yang disinari tidak dapat dibedakan dengan mudah.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Lampu LPS adalah sumber cahaya elektrik yang paling efisien, mencapai hinggga 200 <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lumen">lm</a>/<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Watt">W</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_uap_natrium#cite_note-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup>, terutama karena keluarannya adalah cahaya dengan panjang gelombang yang mendekati sensitivitas puncak dari mata manusia. Sebagai hasilnya, lampu ini sering digunakan untuk pencahayaan luar ruang seperti lampu jalan dan pencahayaan keamanan dimana perbedaan warna dianggap tidak penting.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Lampu LPS tersedia dalam rating daya dari 10 W hingga 180 W, bola lampu yang lebih panjang membuat masalah desain dan rekayasa menjadi sulit.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Lampu LPS lebih mirip dengan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pendar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lampu pendar">lampu pendar</a> daripada lampu lucutan intensitas tinggi karena lampu ini bertekanan rendah, sumber lucutan berintensitas rendah dan bentuknya yang mirip lampu pendar. Juga seperti lampu pendar, lampu ini tidak memperlihatkan busur cerah seperti lampu HID lainnya, lampu ini memancarkan sinar lembut, menghasilkan sorotan yang lebih rendah. Tak seperti lampu HID lainnya, yang dapat mati total saat tegangan ditiadakan, lampu natrium tekanan rendah membusur kembali ke kecerahan maksimum dengan cepat.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Karakteristik unik lain dari lampu LPS adalah intensitas keluaran cahaya lampu ini tidak berkurang seiring dengan penuaan, tidak seperti lampu jenis lain. Sebagai contohnya, lampu HID <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_uap_raksa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lampu uap raksa">uap raksa</a> menjadi sangat redup saat semakin tua meskipun tetap memakan daya yang sama dengan lampu baru. Lampu LPS sedikit meningkatkan konsumsi daya (kira-kira 10%) sebelum akhir hidupnya, yang biasanya sekitar 18.000 jam penggunaan untuk lampu modern.</div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lampu_uap_natrium&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Natrium tekanan tinggi">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Natrium_tekanan_tinggi">Natrium tekanan tinggi</span></h2><div class="thumb tleft" style="background-color: transparent; clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1.4em; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 252px;"><a class="image" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:SON-T_Master_600W.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="104" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/SON-T_Master_600W.jpg/250px-SON-T_Master_600W.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:SON-T_Master_600W.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Perbesar"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: white; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Lampu natrium tekanan tinggi Philips SON-T Master 600W<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_uap_natrium#cite_note-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup></div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 252px;"><a class="image" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Spectrum-hp-sodium.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="149" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Spectrum-hp-sodium.jpg/250px-Spectrum-hp-sodium.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Spectrum-hp-sodium.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Perbesar"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: white; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Spektrum cahaya dari lampu natrium tekanan tinggi</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 252px;"><a class="image" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:HPS-lamps.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="188" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/HPS-lamps.jpg/250px-HPS-lamps.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:HPS-lamps.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Perbesar"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: white; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Gedung yang diterangi dengan lampu natrium tekanan tinggi</div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Lampu natrium tekanan tinggi (HPS) lebih kecil dan mengandung unsur tambahan seperti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raksa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Raksa">raksa</a>, dan menghasilkan cahaya oranye kemerahjambuan. Beberapa bola lampu juga menghasilkan cahaya putih kebiruan. Ini mungkin dari cahaya raksa sebelum natrium menguap sempurna. Jalur-D natrium adalah sumber cahaya utama dari lampu HPS, dan spektrum sempit ini dilebarkan oleh natrium tekanan tinggi dalam lampu, karena pelebaran ini dan pancaran dari raksa, warna benda yang diterangi dapat dibedakan. Ini membuatnya digunakan di tempat yang diinginkan pembedaan warna yang baik.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Lampu HPS disukai untuk penyinaran tumbuhan dalam ruang karena lebarnya spektrum suhu warna yang dihasilkan dan efisiensinya yang relatif tinggi.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Lampu natrium tekanan tinggi a cukup efisien, kira-kira 100 lm/W.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Karena reaksi kimia dari busur natrium tekanan tinggi yang sangat tinggi, tabung lucutan biasanya dibuat dari <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumina" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Alumina">alumina</a> bening.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> pada tekanan rendah digunakan sebagai gas starter pada lampu HPS. Xenon mempunyai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konduktivitas_termal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Konduktivitas termal">konduktivitas termal</a> dan <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Potensial_ionisasi&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Potensial ionisasi (halaman belum tersedia)">potensial ionisasi</a> terendah di antara seluruh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_mulia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gas mulia">gas mulia</a> non-<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Radioaktif">radioaktif</a>. Sebagai gas mulia, xenon tidak mengganggu reaksi kimia dalam lampu. Konduktivitas termal yang rendah mengurangi kehilangan bahang dalam lampu saat beroperasi, dan potensial ionisasi yang rendah menyebabkan tegangan dadal dari gas menjadi relatif rendah saat dingin, memungkinkan penghidupan yang cepat dan mudah.</div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lampu_uap_natrium&action=edit&section=3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Pertimbangan polusi cahaya">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Pertimbangan_polusi_cahaya">Pertimbangan polusi cahaya</span></h2><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Untuk tempat dimana penghindaran <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polusi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Polusi">polusi</a> cahaya adalah penting, seperti pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatorium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Observatorium">observatorium</a>, lampu natrium tekanan rendah lebih dipilih. Lampu seperti ini memancarkan cahaya pada hanya satu jalur spektrum dominan dan karenanya sangat mudah ditapis.</div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lampu_uap_natrium&action=edit&section=4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Referensi">Referensi</span></h2></div>jonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00681195336189877794noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4591708346176452402.post-62862417676948774592012-01-07T18:21:00.001-08:002012-01-07T18:21:18.702-08:00Lampu pijar<div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 202px;"><a class="image" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Gluehbirne_2_db.jpg&filetimestamp=20060217191706" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="289" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gluehbirne_2_db.jpg/200px-Gluehbirne_2_db.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="200" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Gluehbirne_2_db.jpg&filetimestamp=20060217191706" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Perbesar"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: white; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Lampu pijar dan filamennya yang sedang menyala.</div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><b>Lampu pijar</b> adalah sumber <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahaya" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cahaya">cahaya</a> buatan yang dihasilkan melalui penyaluran <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arus_listrik" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arus listrik">arus listrik</a> melalui <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filamen&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Filamen (halaman belum tersedia)">filamen</a> yang kemudian memanas dan menghasilkan cahaya.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-internet_lb_book_1_0-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-internet_lb_book_1-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup> Kaca yang menyelubungi filamen panas tersebut menghalangi udara untuk berhubungan dengannya sehingga filamen tidak akan langsung rusak akibat <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksidasi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oksidasi">teroksidasi</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-enotes_1-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-enotes-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Lampu pijar dipasarkan dalam berbagai macam bentuk<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-buylighting_2-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-buylighting-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[3]</a></sup> dan tersedia untuk tegangan (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltase" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Voltase">voltase</a>) kerja yang bervariasi dari mulai 1,25 volt<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[4]</a></sup>hingga 300 volt.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[5]</a></sup> Energi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listrik" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Listrik">listrik</a> yang diperlukan lampu pijar untuk menghasilkan cahaya yang terang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan sumber cahaya buatan lainnya seperti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pendar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lampu pendar">lampu pendar</a> dan <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioda_cahaya" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dioda cahaya">dioda cahaya</a>, maka secara bertahap pada beberapa negara peredaran lampu pijar mulai dibatasi.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-negara_pembatasan_lampu_6-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-negara_pembatasan_lampu-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[7]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Di samping memanfaatkan cahaya yang dihasilkan, beberapa penggunaan lampu pijar lebih memanfaatkan panas yang dihasilkan, contohnya adalah pemanas kandang <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayam" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ayam">ayam</a>, <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[8]</a></sup> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inframerah#Bidang_Industri" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Inframerah">pemanas inframerah</a> dalam proses pemanasan di bidang industri.</div><table class="toc" id="toc" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;">Daftar isi</h2> <span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 11px;"> [<a class="internal" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#" id="togglelink" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">sembunyikan</a>] </span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#Sejarah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Sejarah</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#Konstruksi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Konstruksi</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#Bola_lampu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bola lampu</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#Gas_pengisi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Gas pengisi</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#Kaki_lampu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Kaki lampu</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#Operasi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Operasi</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#Lampu_putus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Lampu putus</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#Efisiensi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Efisiensi</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#Referensi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Referensi</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#Pranala_luar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Pranala luar</span></a></li>
</ul></td></tr>
</tbody></table><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lampu_pijar&action=edit&section=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Sejarah">Sejarah</span></h2><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Pengembangan lampu pijar sudah dimulai pada awal abad XIX.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-enotes_1-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-enotes-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sej_aboutcom_8-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-sej_aboutcom-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sej_frognet_9-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-sej_frognet-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[10]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sej_invsee_10-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-sej_invsee-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[11]</a></sup> Sejarah lampu pijar dapat dikatakan telah dimulai dengan ditemukannya <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumpukan_volta" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tumpukan volta">tumpukan volta</a> oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sej_frognet_9-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-sej_frognet-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[10]</a></sup> Pada tahun <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1802" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="1802">1802</a>, <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Humphry_Davy&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Sir Humphry Davy (halaman belum tersedia)">Sir Humphry Davy</a> menunjukkan bahwa arus listrik dapat memanaskan seuntai logam tipis hingga menyala putih<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-enotes_1-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-enotes-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup>. Lalu, pada tahun <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="1820">1820</a>, <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warren_De_la_Rue&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Warren De la Rue (halaman belum tersedia)">Warren De la Rue</a> merancang sebuah lampu dengan cara menempatkan sebuah kumparan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam_mulia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Logam mulia">logam mulia</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platina" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Platina">platina</a> di dalam sebuah tabung lalu mengalirkan arus listrik melaluinya.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sej_aboutcom_8-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-sej_aboutcom-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[9]</a></sup> Hanya saja, harga logam platina yang sangat tinggi menghalangi pendayagunaan penemuan ini lebih lanjut.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sej_aboutcom_8-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-sej_aboutcom-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sej_invsee_10-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-sej_invsee-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[11]</a></sup> Elemen <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Karbon">karbon</a> juga sempat digunakan, namun karbon dengan cepat dapat teroksidasi di udara; oleh karena itu, jawabannya adalah dengan menempatkan elemen dalam vakum.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-enotes_1-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-enotes-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Pada tahun <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="1870">1870</a>-an, seorang penemu bernama <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thomas Alva Edison">Thomas Alva Edison</a> dari Menlo Park, negara bagian <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, Amerika Serikat, mulai ikut serta dalam usaha merancang lampu pijar.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-enotes_1-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-enotes-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sej_aboutcom_8-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-sej_aboutcom-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[9]</a></sup> Dengan menggunakan elemen platina, Edison mendapatkan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paten" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Paten">paten</a> pertamanya pada bulan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/April" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="April">April</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1879" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="1879">1879</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-enotes_1-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-enotes-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup> Rancangan ini relatif tidak praktis namun Edison tetap berusaha mencari elemen lain yang dapat dipanaskan secara ekonomis dan efisien.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-enotes_1-6" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-enotes-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup> Pada tahun yang sama, <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Joseph_Wilson_Swan&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Sir Joseph Wilson Swan (halaman belum tersedia)">Sir Joseph Wilson Swan</a> juga menciptakan lampu pijar yang dapat bertahan selama 13,5 jam.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sej_invsee_10-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-sej_invsee-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[11]</a></sup> Sebagian besar filamen lampu pijar yang diciptakan pada saat itu putus dalam waktu yang sangat singkat sehingga tidak berarti secara komersial.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-enotes_1-7" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-enotes-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup> Untuk menyelesaikan masalah ini, Edison kembali mencoba menggunakan untaian karbon yang ditempatkan dalam bola lampu hampa udara hingga pada tanggal <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_Oktober" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="19 Oktober">19 Oktober</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1879" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="1879">1879</a> dia berhasil menyalakan lampu yang mampu bertahan selama 40 jam.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-enotes_1-8" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-enotes-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lampu_pijar&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Konstruksi">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Konstruksi">Konstruksi</span></h2><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Komponen utama dari lampu pijar adalah bola lampu yang terbuat dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kaca">kaca</a>, filamen yang terbuat dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wolfram">wolfram</a>, dasar lampu yang terdiri dari filamen, bola lampu, gas pengisi, dan kaki lampu.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SNI03-6575-2001_11-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-SNI03-6575-2001-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[12]</a></sup></div><table border="0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><div class="center" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;"><div class="floatnone" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><a class="image" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Incandescent_light_bulb.svg&filetimestamp=20091108152631" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Incandescent light bulb.svg" height="406" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Incandescent_light_bulb.svg/300px-Incandescent_light_bulb.svg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a></div></div></td><td><ol style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 3.2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Bola lampu</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Gas bertekanan rendah (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Argon">argon</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Neon">neon</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Filamen wolfram</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Kawat penghubung ke kaki tengah</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Kawat penghubung ke ulir</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Kawat penyangga</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Kaca penyangga</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Kontak listrik di ulir</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Sekrup ulir</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Isolator</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Kontak listrik di kaki tengah</li>
</ol></td></tr>
</tbody></table><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lampu_pijar&action=edit&section=3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Bola lampu">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Bola_lampu">Bola lampu</span></h3><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Selubung gelas yang menutup rapat filamen suatu lampu pijar disebut dengan bola lampu. Macam-macam bentuk bola lampu antara lain adalah bentuk bola, bentuk jamur, bentuk lilin, dan bentuk <i>lustre</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SNI04-1704-1989_12-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-SNI04-1704-1989-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[13]</a></sup> Warna bola lampu antara lain yaitu bening, warna susu atau buram, dan warna merah, hijau, biru, atau kuning.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SNI04-1704-1989_12-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-SNI04-1704-1989-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[13]</a></sup></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lampu_pijar&action=edit&section=4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Gas pengisi">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Gas_pengisi">Gas pengisi</span></h3><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Pada awalnya bagian dalam bola lampu pijar dibuat hampa udara namun belakangan diisi dengan gas mulia bertekanan rendah seperti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Argon">argon</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Neon">neon</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kripton" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kripton">kripton</a>, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Xenon">xenon</a> atau gas yang bersifat tidak reaktif seperti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> sehingga filamen tidak teroksidasi.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-internet_lb_book_1_0-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-internet_lb_book_1-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup> Konstruksi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_halogen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lampu halogen">lampu halogen</a> juga menggunakan prinsip yang sama dengan lampu pijar biasa<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-internet_lb_book_1_0-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-internet_lb_book_1-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup>, perbedaannya terletak pada gas <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Halogen">halogen</a> yang digunakan untuk mengisi bola lampu.</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lampu_pijar&action=edit&section=5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Kaki lampu">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Kaki_lampu">Kaki lampu</span></h3><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Dua jenis kaki lampu adalah kaki lampu berulir dan kaki lampu bayonet yang dapat dibedakan dengan kode huruf E (Edison) dan B (Bayonet), diikuti dengan angka yang menunjukkan diameter kaki lampu dalam milimeter seperti E27 dan E14.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SNI03-6575-2001_11-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-SNI03-6575-2001-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[12]</a></sup></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lampu_pijar&action=edit&section=6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Operasi">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Operasi">Operasi</span></h2><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Pada dasarnya filamen pada sebuah lampu pijar adalah sebuah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Resistor">resistor</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-internet_lb_book_1_0-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-internet_lb_book_1-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup> Saat dialiri arus listrik, filamen tersebut menjadi sangat panas, berkisar antara 2800 derajat Kelvin hingga maksimum 3700 derajat Kelvin.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[14]</a></sup>. Ini menyebabkan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhu_warna" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Suhu warna">warna cahaya</a> yang dipancarkan oleh lampu pijar biasanya berwarna kuning kemerahan.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[15]</a></sup> Pada temperatur yang sangat tinggi itulah filamen mulai menghasilkan cahaya pada panjang gelombang yang kasatmata.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-internet_lb_book_1_0-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-internet_lb_book_1-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup> Hal ini sejalan dengan teori radiasi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benda_hitam" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Benda hitam">benda hitam</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[16]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeks_renderasi_warna" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indeks renderasi warna">Indeks renderasi warna</a> menyatakan apakah warna obyek tampak alami apabila diberi cahaya lampu tersebut dan diberi nilai antara 0 sampai 100.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SNI03-6575-2001_11-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-SNI03-6575-2001-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[12]</a></sup> Angka 100 artinya warna benda yang disinari akan terlihat sesuai dengan warna aslinya. Indeks renderasi warna lampu pijar mendekati 100.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SNI03-6575-2001_11-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-SNI03-6575-2001-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[17]</a></sup></div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 302px;"><a class="image" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Filament.jpg&filetimestamp=20070719131910" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="213" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Filament.jpg/300px-Filament.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Filament.jpg&filetimestamp=20070719131910" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Perbesar"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: white; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Foto yang sangat diperbesar dari filamen lampu pijar 200 Watt.</div></div></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lampu_pijar&action=edit&section=7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Lampu putus">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Lampu_putus">Lampu putus</span></h3><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Karena temperatur kerja filamen lampu pijar yang sangat tinggi, lambat laun akan terjadi penguapan pada filamen.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-internet_lb_book_1_0-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-internet_lb_book_1-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup>Variasi pada <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistansi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Resistansi">resistansi</a> sepanjang filamen akan menciptakan titik-titik panas pada posisi dengan nilai resistansi tertinggi.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kane2001_17-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-Kane2001-17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[18]</a></sup>. Pada titik-titik panas tersebut filamen wolfram akan menguap lebih cepat yang mengakibatkan ketebalan filamen akan semakin tidak merata dan nilai resistansi akan meningkat secara lokal; ini akan menyebabkan filamen pada titik tersebut meleleh atau menjadi lemah lalu putus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-internet_lb_book_1_0-6" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-internet_lb_book_1-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup> Variasi diameter sebesar 1% akan menyebabkan penurunan umur lampu pijar hingga 25%.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tp-110_18-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-tp-110-18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[19]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Selain menyebabkan putusnya lampu, penguapan filamen wolfram juga menyebabkan penghitaman lampu. Elemen wolfram yang menguap pada lampu pijar akan mengendap pada dinding kaca bola lampu dan membentuk efek hitam. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-materi_pelatihan_nasional_19-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-materi_pelatihan_nasional-19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[20]</a></sup><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_halogen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lampu halogen">Lampu halogen</a> menghambat proses ini dengan proses siklus halogen.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-materi_pelatihan_nasional_19-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-materi_pelatihan_nasional-19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[20]</a></sup></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lampu_pijar&action=edit&section=8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Efisiensi">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Efisiensi">Efisiensi</span></h2><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efisiensi_(listrik)&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Efisiensi (listrik) (halaman belum tersedia)">Efisiensi</a> lampu atau dengan kata lain disebut dengan <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efikasi_luminus&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Efikasi luminus (halaman belum tersedia)">efikasi luminus</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SNI03-6575-2001_11-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-SNI03-6575-2001-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[12]</a></sup> adalah nilai yang menunjukkan besar efisiensi pengalihan energi listrik ke cahaya dan dinyatakan dalam satuan <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lumen_(Satuan)&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Lumen (Satuan) (halaman belum tersedia)">lumen</a> per <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Watt">Watt</a>. Kurang lebih 90% daya yang digunakan oleh lampu pijar dilepaskan sebagai radiasi panas dan hanya 10% yang dipancarkan dalam radiasi cahaya kasat mata.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[21]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Pada tegangan 120 volt, nilai keluaran cahaya lampu pijar 100W biasanya adalah 1.750 lumen, maka efisiensinya adalah 17,5 lumen per Watt.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-efisiensi_pijar_21-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-efisiensi_pijar-21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[22]</a></sup> Sementara itu pada tegangan 230 volt seperti yang digunakan di Indonesia, nilai keluaran bolam 100W adalah 1.380 lumen<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[23]</a></sup> atau setara dengan 13,8 lumen per Watt. Nilai ini sangatlah rendah bila dibandingkan dengan nilai keluaran sumber cahaya putih "ideal" yaitu 242,5 lumen per Watt, atau 683 lumen per Watt untuk cahaya pada panjang gelombang hijau-kuning di mana mata manusia sangatlah peka.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-internet_lb_book_1_0-7" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-internet_lb_book_1-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup> Efisiensi yang sangat rendah ini disebabkan karena pada temperatur kerja, filamen wolfram meradiasikan sejumlah besar radiasi inframerah.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Pada tabel di bawah ini terdaftar tingkat efisiensi pencahayaan beberapa jenis lampu pijar biasa bertegangan 120 volt<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-efisiensi_pijar_21-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-efisiensi_pijar-21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[22]</a></sup> dan beberapa sumber cahaya ideal.</div><table class="wikitable" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><tbody>
<tr><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Jenis</th><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Efisiensi lampu</th><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">lumen/Watt</th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Lampu pijar 40 Watt</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">1.9%</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">12.6<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-efisiensi_pijar_21-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-efisiensi_pijar-21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[22]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Lampu pijar 60 Watt</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">2.1%</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">14.5<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-efisiensi_pijar_21-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-efisiensi_pijar-21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[22]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Lampu pijar 100 Watt</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">2.6%</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">17.5<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-efisiensi_pijar_21-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-efisiensi_pijar-21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[22]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Radiator <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benda_hitam" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Benda hitam">benda hitam</a> 4000 K ideal</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">7.0%</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">47.5<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-benda_hitam_23-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-benda_hitam-23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[24]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Radiator benda hitam 7000 K ideal</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">14%</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">95<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-benda_hitam_23-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-benda_hitam-23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[24]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Sumber cahaya monokromatis 555 nm (hijau) ideal</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">100%</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">683<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-internet_lb_book_1_0-8" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-internet_lb_book_1-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-24" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[25]</a></sup></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Karena efisiensi lampu pijar yang sangat rendah, beberapa pemerintah negara mulai membatasi peredaran lampu pijar. Contoh negara-negara yang mulai membatasinya adalah<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Australia">Australia</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-25" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[26]</a></sup>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-negara_pembatasan_lampu_6-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-negara_pembatasan_lampu-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[7]</a></sup>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Brasil">Brasil</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-negara_pembatasan_lampu_6-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-negara_pembatasan_lampu-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[7]</a></sup>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris_Raya" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Inggris Raya">Inggris Raya</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-negara_pembatasan_lampu_6-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-negara_pembatasan_lampu-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[7]</a></sup>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Irlandia">Irlandia</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-negara_pembatasan_lampu_6-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-negara_pembatasan_lampu-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[7]</a></sup>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kanada">Kanada</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-negara_pembatasan_lampu_6-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-negara_pembatasan_lampu-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[7]</a></sup>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kuba">Kuba</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-negara_pembatasan_lampu_6-6" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-negara_pembatasan_lampu-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[7]</a></sup>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selandia_Baru" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Selandia Baru">Selandia Baru</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-negara_pembatasan_lampu_6-7" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-negara_pembatasan_lampu-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[7]</a></sup>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Swiss">Swiss</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-negara_pembatasan_lampu_6-8" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-negara_pembatasan_lampu-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[7]</a></sup>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_Eropa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Uni Eropa">Uni Eropa</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-negara_pembatasan_lampu_6-9" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-negara_pembatasan_lampu-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[7]</a></sup> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-negara_pembatasan_lampu_6-10" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pijar#cite_note-negara_pembatasan_lampu-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[7]</a></sup>.</div>jonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00681195336189877794noreply@blogger.com0Jambi, Indonesia-1.57917731802115 103.662681609375-2.60141031802115 101.959846609375 -0.55694431802115 105.36551660937499tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4591708346176452402.post-19147998564152310292012-01-07T16:49:00.001-08:002012-01-07T16:49:29.389-08:00Kapal tunda<div id="contentSub" style="background-color: white; color: #7d7d7d; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; width: auto;"><div class="flaggedrevs_short plainlinks noprint" id="mw-fr-revisiontag" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; float: right; font-size: 10px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: -10px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-top: 2px; position: absolute; right: 80px; top: -3em; z-index: 1;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /><img alt="Perubahan tertunda ditampilkan di halaman ini" class="flaggedrevs-icon" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/w/extensions-1.17/FlaggedRevs/client/img/1.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 0.2em; margin-right: 0.2em; vertical-align: middle;" title="Perubahan tertunda ditampilkan di halaman ini" /><b><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantuan:Validasi_halaman" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Bantuan:Validasi halaman">Belum Diperiksa</a></b></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Asl_prosper_3.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="147" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Asl_prosper_3.jpg/220px-Asl_prosper_3.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Asl_prosper_3.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Perbesar"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: white; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>ASL Prosper III melakukan tes pemadam kebakaran</div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><b>Kapal tunda</b> (bahasa Inggris: <i>tugboat</i>) adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kapal">kapal</a> yang dapat digunakan untuk melakukan manuver / pergerakan, utamanya menarik atau mendorong kapal lainnya di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelabuhan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pelabuhan">pelabuhan</a>, laut lepas atau melalui sungai atau terusan. Kapal tunda digunakan pula untuk menarik tongkang, kapal rusak, dan peralatan lainnya.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Kapal tunda memiliki tenaga yang besar bila dibandingkan dengan ukurannya. Kapal tunda zaman dulu menggunakan mesin uap, saat ini menggunakan mesin diesel. Mesin Induk kapal tunda biasanya berkekuatan antara 750 sampai 3000 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenaga_kuda" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tenaga kuda">tenaga kuda</a> (500 s.d. 2000 kW), tetapi kapal yang lebih besar (digunakan di laut lepas) dapat berkekuatan sampai 25 000 tenaga kuda (20 000 kW). Kebanyakan mesin yang digunakan sama dengan mesin <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereta_api" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kereta api">kereta api</a>, tetapi di kapal menggerakkan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baling-baling" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Baling-baling">baling-baling</a>. Dan untuk keselamatan biasanya digunakan minimum dua buah mesin induk.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Kapal tunda memiliki kemampuan manuver yang tinggi, tergantung dari unit penggerak. Kapal Tunda dengan penggerak konvensional memiliki baling-baling di belakang, efisien untuk menarik kapal dari pelabuhan ke pelabuhan lainnya. Jenis penggerak lainnya sering disebut Schottel propulsion system (<i>azimuth thruster/Z-peller</i>) di mana baling-baling di bawah kapal dapat bergerak 360° atau sistem propulsi Voith-Schneider yang menggunakan semacam pisau di bawah kapal yang dapat membuat kapal berputar 360°.</div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kapal_tunda&action=edit&section=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Jenis kapal tunda">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Jenis_kapal_tunda">Jenis kapal tunda</span></h2><ol style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; list-style-image: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 3.2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Kapal tunda konvensional / <i>Towing or Pusher Tug</i></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Kapal tunda serbaguna / <i>Utility Tug</i></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Kapal tunda pelabuhan / <i>Harbour Tug</i></li>
</ol>jonyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00681195336189877794noreply@blogger.com0